English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Passage Narration - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Passage Narration

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

narrationdirect speechindirect speechreporting verbquotation marksassertive sentenceinterrogative sentenceimperative sentenceexclamatory sentenceyes/no questionwh-questioninformation questionquestion wordpronoun changetense changebackshiftreported speechquotationrequestcommandadviceproposalexclamationaffirmative replynegative replycontinuation markertime expressionplace expressioninfinitivethat-clause

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add the suffix -tion to narrate to form narration, meaning the act of telling or reporting.

► Add the suffix -er to speak to form speaker, meaning a person who speaks.

► Add the prefix in- to direct to form indirect, meaning not direct.

► Add the suffix -er to listen to form listener, meaning a person who listens.

► Add the suffix -ment to disturb to form disturbance, meaning a state of being disturbed.

► Add the suffix -ly to frequent to form frequently, meaning often or repeatedly.

► Add the suffix -atory to exclaim to form exclamatory, meaning expressing strong emotion.

► Add the prefix un- to usual to form unusual, meaning not common.

1. Passage Narration: Basic Terms (8 words)

narration[/nəˈreɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: বর্ণনা বা বক্তব্য প্রকাশ

Alt: কথোপকথনকে অন্যভাবে উপস্থাপন

Example: Passage narration requires careful changes in pronouns and verbs.

Syn: reportingAnt: silence

💡 Exam tip: Narration means reporting a speaker’s words in direct or indirect speech.

direct[/dəˈrekt/]adjeasy

Meaning: প্রত্যক্ষ

Alt: বক্তার সঠিক কথায় প্রকাশিত

Example: In direct speech, the speaker’s exact words are quoted.

Syn: exactAnt: indirect

💡 Exam tip: Direct speech is placed inside quotation marks.

indirect[/ˌɪndəˈrekt/]adjeasy

Meaning: পরোক্ষ

Alt: অন্যের বক্তব্য নিজের ভাষায় প্রকাশিত

Example: Indirect speech reports the meaning of the original statement.

Syn: reportedAnt: direct

💡 Exam tip: Remove quotation marks when changing direct speech into indirect speech.

speech[/spiːtʃ/]nouneasy

Meaning: বক্তব্য বা কথা

Alt: মৌখিক প্রকাশ

Example: The speech was changed from direct to indirect form.

Syn: statementAnt: silence

💡 Exam tip: Speech may be assertive, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

report[/rɪˈpɔːrt/]verbmedium

Meaning: বর্ণনা করা

Alt: কারও বক্তব্য পরোক্ষভাবে প্রকাশ করা

Example: We report the conversation using suitable reporting verbs.

Syn: describeAnt: conceal

💡 Exam tip: Use report, say, tell, ask, and reply according to the meaning.

quotation[/kwoʊˈteɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: উদ্ধৃতি

Alt: কারও হুবহু বলা কথা

Example: A quotation begins and ends with quotation marks in direct speech.

Syn: citationAnt: paraphrase

💡 Exam tip: Quotation marks are changed into that, if, whether, or an infinitive in indirect speech.

speaker[/ˈspiːkər/]nouneasy

Meaning: বক্তা

Alt: যে ব্যক্তি কথা বলে

Example: The speaker asked the customer a polite question.

Syn: talkerAnt: listener

💡 Exam tip: Identify the speaker and listener before changing pronouns.

listener[/ˈlɪsənər/]nouneasy

Meaning: শ্রোতা

Alt: যে ব্যক্তি কথা শোনে

Example: The listener was asked to follow the instructions.

Syn: hearerAnt: speaker

💡 Exam tip: The object after tell or ask often refers to the listener.

2. Reporting Verbs (8 words)

say[/seɪ/]verbeasy

Meaning: বলা

Alt: কোনো কথা প্রকাশ করা

Example: He said that he was looking for his friend.

Syn: stateAnt: deny

💡 Exam tip: Use say when no object immediately follows it: He said that...

tell[/tel/]verbeasy

Meaning: জানানো বা বলা

Alt: কাউকে কোনো কথা বলা

Example: She told me that she had a fixed programme.

Syn: informAnt: mislead

💡 Exam tip: Tell must usually take an object: tell me, tell him, or tell them.

ask[/æsk/]verbeasy

Meaning: জিজ্ঞাসা করা

Alt: অনুরোধ করা

Example: The teacher asked me where I lived.

Syn: questionAnt: answer

💡 Exam tip: Use ask plus object plus question word for information questions.

reply[/rɪˈplaɪ/]verbeasy

Meaning: উত্তর দেওয়া

Alt: জবাব দেওয়া

Example: The customer replied that the girl was Sohana.

Syn: answerAnt: question

💡 Exam tip: Reply or answer is suitable for reporting a response.

request[/rɪˈkwest/]verbmedium

Meaning: অনুরোধ করা

Alt: ভদ্রভাবে কিছু করতে বলা

Example: The man requested the police to help him.

Syn: begAnt: refuse

💡 Exam tip: Please often changes into requested or asked, followed by an object and to-infinitive.

order[/ˈɔːrdər/]verbmedium

Meaning: আদেশ করা

Alt: কঠোরভাবে নির্দেশ দেওয়া

Example: The officer ordered the people to turn down the music.

Syn: commandAnt: obey

💡 Exam tip: Imperative sentences expressing authority are reported with ordered or commanded.

propose[/prəˈpoʊz/]verbhard

Meaning: প্রস্তাব করা

Alt: কোনো পরিকল্পনা উপস্থাপন করা

Example: Chimeg proposed that they should run in the open field.

Syn: suggestAnt: oppose

💡 Exam tip: Let us often changes into proposed or suggested that they should.

exclaim[/ɪkˈskleɪm/]verbmedium

Meaning: বিস্ময় বা আবেগ প্রকাশ করা

Alt: আবেগের সঙ্গে বলা

Example: Lailee exclaimed in joy that the idea was fantastic.

Syn: cryAnt: whisper

💡 Exam tip: Use exclaimed in joy, sorrow, surprise, or wonder according to the context.

3. Questions and Connectors (8 words)

whether[/ˈweðər/]adveasy

Meaning: কিনা

Alt: দুটি সম্ভাবনার মধ্যে প্রশ্ন বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত

Example: He asked me whether I would visit Dalia.

Syn: ifAnt: certainly

💡 Exam tip: Use whether or if to report yes/no questions.

if[/ɪf/]adveasy

Meaning: কিনা

Alt: শর্ত বোঝাতেও ব্যবহৃত

Example: The tourist asked if the museum was open.

Syn: whetherAnt: surely

💡 Exam tip: Do not use that after a yes/no question; use if or whether.

information[/ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: তথ্য

Alt: কোনো বিষয় সম্পর্কে জানা বিবরণ

Example: The interviewer asked for information about my address.

Syn: dataAnt: ignorance

💡 Exam tip: Wh-questions ask for information and retain their question word in indirect speech.

question[/ˈkwestʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: প্রশ্ন

Alt: জানার জন্য করা বাক্য

Example: The question was changed into an indirect form.

Syn: inquiryAnt: answer

💡 Exam tip: Change interrogative word order into statement word order in indirect speech.

continue[/kənˈtɪnjuː/]verbmedium

Meaning: চালিয়ে যাওয়া

Alt: অব্যাহত রাখা

Example: He continued to ask questions about the museum.

Syn: proceedAnt: stop

💡 Exam tip: Use also, then, further, next, again, or continued to avoid repetition.

further[/ˈfɜːrðər/]advmedium

Meaning: আরও

Alt: অতিরিক্তভাবে

Example: He further asked whether there was a café inside.

Syn: additionallyAnt: less

💡 Exam tip: Further helps connect successive questions in a passage.

finally[/ˈfaɪnəli/]adveasy

Meaning: অবশেষে

Alt: শেষপর্যায়ে

Example: Finally, the operator asked whether the visitors had purchased tickets.

Syn: eventuallyAnt: initially

💡 Exam tip: Use finally to report the last speech in a conversation.

also[/ˈɔːlsoʊ/]adveasy

Meaning: এছাড়াও

Alt: অতিরিক্তভাবে

Example: She also asked him if he knew Sohana.

Syn: tooAnt: only

💡 Exam tip: Also is useful when the same speaker speaks more than once.

4. Imperatives and Exclamations (8 words)

imperative[/ɪmˈperətɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: আদেশসূচক

Alt: নির্দেশ বা অনুরোধ প্রকাশকারী

Example: Please come to my place is an imperative sentence.

Syn: commandingAnt: optional

💡 Exam tip: Imperative sentences commonly change into asked, requested, ordered, or advised.

command[/kəˈmænd/]verbmedium

Meaning: আদেশ করা

Alt: কর্তৃত্বের সঙ্গে নির্দেশ দেওয়া

Example: The captain commanded the soldiers to move forward.

Syn: orderAnt: request

💡 Exam tip: Use command when the speaker gives a strong order.

advise[/ədˈvaɪz/]verbmedium

Meaning: পরামর্শ দেওয়া

Alt: ভালো কাজের নির্দেশ দেওয়া

Example: The doctor advised him to take rest.

Syn: counselAnt: discourage

💡 Exam tip: Use advised when an imperative sentence gives advice.

forbid[/fərˈbɪd/]verbhard

Meaning: নিষেধ করা

Alt: কোনো কাজ না করতে বলা

Example: The teacher forbade the students to make noise.

Syn: prohibitAnt: allow

💡 Exam tip: Do not becomes not to after forbade: He forbade me to go.

exclamatory[/ɪkˈsklæmətɔːri/]adjmedium

Meaning: বিস্ময়সূচক

Alt: তীব্র আবেগ প্রকাশকারী

Example: What a beautiful idea is an exclamatory sentence.

Syn: emotionalAnt: 平静

💡 Exam tip: Change exclamatory expressions into statements with suitable reporting verbs.

joy[/dʒɔɪ/]nouneasy

Meaning: আনন্দ

Alt: অত্যন্ত সুখের অনুভূতি

Example: She exclaimed in joy when she heard the news.

Syn: happinessAnt: sorrow

💡 Exam tip: In joy indicates a happy exclamation.

sorrow[/ˈsɒroʊ/]nouneasy

Meaning: দুঃখ

Alt: বেদনা বা বিষণ্ণতা

Example: He exclaimed in sorrow after hearing the sad news.

Syn: sadnessAnt: joy

💡 Exam tip: Use exclaimed in sorrow for an exclamation expressing grief.

wonder[/ˈwʌndər/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিস্ময়

Alt: আশ্চর্যের অনুভূতি

Example: The child exclaimed in wonder at the beautiful rainbow.

Syn: amazementAnt: indifference

💡 Exam tip: Use exclaimed in wonder for expressions of surprise or amazement.

5. Tense, Pronoun, and Time Changes (8 words)

pronoun[/ˈproʊnaʊn/]nouneasy

Meaning: সর্বনাম

Alt: বিশেষ্যের পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত শব্দ

Example: Pronouns change according to the speaker and listener.

Syn: substituteAnt: noun

💡 Exam tip: I may change to he or she, and you may change to me, him, her, or them.

tense[/tens/]nouneasy

Meaning: ক্রিয়ার কাল

Alt: কাজের সময় নির্দেশকারী রূপ

Example: The tense of the reported verb often changes into the past form.

Syn: timeAnt: timelessness

💡 Exam tip: Present simple commonly changes into past simple after a past reporting verb.

change[/tʃeɪndʒ/]verbeasy

Meaning: পরিবর্তন করা

Alt: এক রূপ থেকে অন্য রূপে নেওয়া

Example: Change the present tense into the appropriate past tense.

Syn: modifyAnt: retain

💡 Exam tip: Change verbs, pronouns, adverbs, and sentence structure carefully.

past[/pæst/]adjeasy

Meaning: অতীত

Alt: আগে ঘটে যাওয়া সময়ের

Example: Was is the past form of is in reported speech.

Syn: formerAnt: future

💡 Exam tip: Past reporting verbs generally cause backshift of tense.

future[/ˈfjuːtʃər/]nouneasy

Meaning: ভবিষ্যৎ

Alt: পরবর্তী সময়

Example: Will usually changes into would in indirect speech.

Syn: prospectAnt: past

💡 Exam tip: Will, shall, and can commonly change into would, should, and could.

tomorrow[/təˈmɒroʊ/]adveasy

Meaning: আগামীকাল

Alt: আজকের পরের দিন

Example: Tomorrow changes into the next day in indirect speech.

Syn: next dayAnt: yesterday

💡 Exam tip: Memorise common time changes such as today—then, tomorrow—the next day.

there[/ðer/]adveasy

Meaning: সেখানে

Alt: উল্লিখিত স্থানে

Example: Here changes into there when the place is reported from another position.

Syn: in that placeAnt: here

💡 Exam tip: Here generally changes into there in reported speech.

then[/ðen/]adveasy

Meaning: তখন

Alt: সেই সময়ে

Example: She said that she was busy then.

Syn: at that timeAnt: now

💡 Exam tip: Now changes into then when the reporting verb is in the past.

6. Conversation and Context Vocabulary (8 words)

accompany[/əˈkʌmpəni/]verbmedium

Meaning: সঙ্গ দেওয়া

Alt: কারও সঙ্গে যাওয়া

Example: Moni wanted to accompany her friend to Burimari.

Syn: joinAnt: leave

💡 Exam tip: Accompany means go with someone and is useful in narration passages.

occupy[/ˈɒkjupaɪ/]verbmedium

Meaning: ব্যস্ত রাখা

Alt: সময় বা স্থান দখল করা

Example: The fixed programmes would occupy him for the next few days.

Syn: engageAnt: release

💡 Exam tip: Occupy someone means keep someone busy.

confirm[/kənˈfɜːrm/]verbmedium

Meaning: নিশ্চিত করা

Alt: সত্যতা বা সিদ্ধান্ত জানানো

Example: She confirmed that she would attend the programme.

Syn: verifyAnt: deny

💡 Exam tip: Use confirmed when the speaker expresses certainty about a plan or fact.

invite[/ɪnˈvaɪt/]verbeasy

Meaning: আমন্ত্রণ জানানো

Alt: কোনো অনুষ্ঠানে আসতে বলা

Example: Lailee asked whether she could invite Nikhil.

Syn: askAnt: exclude

💡 Exam tip: Invite may be reported as asked someone to join or invited someone to attend.

recognize[/ˈrekəɡnaɪz/]verbeasy

Meaning: চিনতে পারা

Alt: আগে দেখা কাউকে শনাক্ত করা

Example: He did not recognize her when they first talked.

Syn: identifyAnt: overlook

💡 Exam tip: Recognize is commonly used in narrative passages about meetings.

frequently[/ˈfriːkwəntli/]adveasy

Meaning: ঘন ঘন

Alt: বারবার

Example: The two friends met each other frequently.

Syn: oftenAnt: rarely

💡 Exam tip: Frequently is an important adverb for describing repeated past actions.

unique[/juːˈniːk/]adjeasy

Meaning: অনন্য

Alt: অন্যদের থেকে সম্পূর্ণ আলাদা

Example: Their friendship was very unique.

Syn: unusualAnt: common

💡 Exam tip: Unique describes something special or unlike anything else.

disturbance[/dɪˈstɜːrbəns/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিঘ্ন বা গোলযোগ

Alt: শান্তি নষ্ট হওয়ার অবস্থা

Example: The loud music was creating a disturbance for everyone.

Syn: disruptionAnt: peace

💡 Exam tip: Disturbance is useful in passages involving complaints or requests.

💡 Exam Tips

• First identify the type of sentence: assertive, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

• Change the reporting verb according to the meaning: said, told, asked, requested, ordered, advised, proposed, or exclaimed.

• Use tell with an object, but use say without an object before the reported clause.

• For information questions, retain the question word and use statement word order: He asked me where I lived.

• For yes/no questions, use if or whether: She asked whether I knew Sohana.

• Change do, does, or did questions into affirmative statement order and remove the auxiliary when necessary.

• Change imperative sentences into object plus to-infinitive; use not to after a negative command.

• Change Let us into proposed or suggested that they should, when it expresses a proposal.

• Change exclamatory sentences into suitable statements and use exclaimed in joy, sorrow, surprise, or wonder.

• Apply pronoun changes according to the speaker, listener, and person being spoken about.

• Common tense changes include is/am—was, are—were, have/has—had, will—would, can—could, and may—might.

• Common word changes include now—then, today—that day, tomorrow—the next day, yesterday—the previous day, here—there, and this—that.

• Do not change the tense of a universal truth or a fact that remains true.

• Use continuation markers such as also, then, further, next, again, and finally to make a passage natural.

• Read the complete passage after conversion and check whether the meaning, sequence, and pronoun references are logical.

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Passage Narration - Vocabulary

Chapter: Passage Narration

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