| Analysis aspect | What to look for | Where the evidence appears |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Why the writing is being produced | “Why you are writing (purpose)” |
| Readers | Who will read the writing | “Who are going to read it” |
| Content | The subject and information to be included | “What are you writing about (content)” |
| Situation | Place and available time | “Where you are, how much time you have to write” |
| Idea collection | Quick notes, main points and Wh questions | “Asking ‘Wh’ Questions” |
| Organization | Introduction, supporting ideas and conclusion | “The Introduction” / “The Middle” / “The Conclusion” |
- Writing-process analysis = purpose + readers + content + situation
- Writing order = preparing to write → gathering ideas → speed writing → planning → drafting → revising
- Purpose = why you are writing
- Readers = who are going to read the writing
- Content = what you are writing about
- Situation = where you are + how much time you have to write
- Brainstorming = quick search for ideas + main points or phrases
- Idea collection = main points + Wh questions
- Speed writing = continuous writing until the time is up
- Planning = length + number of paragraphs + order of information + introduction + conclusion
- Revising = appropriate for the reader + clear purpose + good organization + intended ideas
- Paragraph structure = introduction → middle → conclusion
১২.৩ Type-১ : সারসংক্ষেপ ও ঘটনাক্রম
Summary: The writing process is a sequence of steps that helps a writer prepare, develop and improve a letter, paragraph, composition or story. Before writing, the writer considers the purpose, readers, content and situation. The process then moves from preparing to write through gathering ideas, speed writing, planning, drafting and revising. “This process will help you to write freely.”
Sequence of the process: The writer first collects ideas by brainstorming and asking Wh questions. Next, speed writing allows continuous writing without stopping for correction. Planning arranges the length, paragraphs and order of ideas. Drafting turns the plan into actual writing, and revising checks the reader, purpose, organization and intended ideas. “The actual writing begins with ‘drafting’.”
| Sequence | Event | Importance |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Preparing to write: identify purpose, readers, content and situation. | The writing can suit the reader and situation. “In brief, the process of any piece of writing depends on: purpose readers content situation” |
| 2 | Gathering ideas through brainstorming and Wh questions. | Main points and information are collected quickly. “Gathering idea or information is essential for your writing.” |
| 3 | Speed writing: write continuously until the time is over. | The writer can write freely without stopping for correction. “Continue writing, don’t stop until the time is up.” |
| 4 | Planning the length, paragraphs, order, introduction and conclusion. | The ideas receive a clear structure. “Planning includes: The length of the writing Number of paragraphs” |
| 5 | Drafting the planned ideas. | The plan becomes actual writing. “In drafting, you will carry out your planning.” |
| 6 | Revising the draft. | The writing is checked before it is produced. “It is the last stage before we produce the actual writing.” |
Writing-process summary = purpose + readers + content + situation → idea collection → speed writing → planning → drafting → revising.
For a paragraph, remember: introduction → middle → conclusion. “There are three parts of a paragraph.”
Worked example: A learner wants to write a letter to a friend. First, the learner identifies the purpose, reader, content and situation. Then the learner gathers ideas, writes quickly, plans the order, prepares a draft and revises it. The conventional method is to explain each stage in order; the shortcut is to remember the six-stage chain above. This example follows the text’s distinction between letters to friends and letters to parents: “your letter to your friend is different from the letter to your parents.”
Practice question and solution: Which stage comes immediately after planning? Solution: Planning arranges the ideas, and the next stage is drafting, where the plan is carried out. ∴ The answer is drafting. “The actual writing begins with ‘drafting’.”
- Purpose tells why the writing is produced.
- Readers means the people who will read it.
- Content means the subject and information of the writing.
- Situation includes the place and the available time.
- For a paragraph, the order is introduction → middle → conclusion.
Next, the writer gathers ideas through brainstorming and Wh questions.
Then, the writer does speed writing and continues until the time is up.
After that, planning arranges the length, paragraphs and order of ideas.
Next, drafting changes the plan into actual writing.
Finally, revising checks the reader, purpose, organization and intended ideas.
প্রচলিত পদ্ধতি: The six stages are explained one by one in the order above.
শর্টকাটে: purpose + readers + content + situation → idea collection → speed writing → planning → drafting → revising.
Ans. The correct sequence is preparing to write → gathering ideas → speed writing → planning → drafting → revising.
প্রমাণ: The text says, “In brief, the process of any piece of writing depends on: purpose readers content situation”.
Purpose explains why the writing is produced; readers identify who will read it; content identifies what will be written; situation includes the place and available time.
For example, a letter to a friend may differ from a letter to parents because the readers are different.
প্রমাণ: “your letter to your friend is different from the letter to your parents.”
∴ These four points help the writer make the writing suitable and effective.
First comes preparing to write.
Second comes gathering ideas.
Third comes speed writing.
Fourth comes planning.
Fifth comes drafting.
Sixth comes revising.
প্রমাণ: “The actual writing begins with ‘drafting’.” This shows that drafting comes after preparation, idea collection, speed writing and planning.
প্রচলিত পদ্ধতি: Place each stage in sequence and explain its function separately.
শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি: Remember the chain: preparing → gathering → speed writing → planning → drafting → revising.
∴ The correct order is preparing to write → gathering ideas → speed writing → planning → drafting → revising.
প্রমাণ: “Write down everything that comes to your mind. Don’t think if they are useful or not.”
Speed writing is continuous writing on a topic for a fixed time. The writer writes as much as possible without stopping for correction, spelling or neatness.
প্রমাণ: “Continue writing, don’t stop until the time is up.”
প্রচলিত পদ্ধতি: Explain brainstorming first as idea collection and speed writing next as free continuous writing.
শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি: Brainstorming = quick ideas; speed writing = continuous writing.
∴ Brainstorming collects notes, whereas speed writing develops those ideas freely in written form.
The introduction contains the topic sentence, which clearly presents the topic and should attract the reader.
প্রমাণ: “The topic sentence introduces your topic.”
The middle contains supporting ideas, details and explanations. These ideas should be placed clearly one after another and linked together.
প্রমাণ: “Put them clearly one after another and make a link between them.”
The conclusion is the final part. It sums up the ideas without unnecessary repetition.
Revision is done before producing the actual writing. It checks whether the writing is suitable for the reader, clearly states its purpose, is well-organized and includes all intended ideas.
প্রমাণ: “It is the last stage before we produce the actual writing.”
প্রচলিত পদ্ধতি: Check the reader, purpose, organization and completeness one by one after examining the paragraph parts.
শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি: Paragraph structure = introduction → middle → conclusion; revision = reader + purpose + organization + intended ideas.
∴ A well-revised paragraph presents its topic clearly, supports it with linked details and ends with a suitable conclusion.
১২.৫ Type-২ : চরিত্র বিশ্লেষণ
This chapter is an instructional text, so it does not present named story characters. The central figure is the writer, who is shown as a person that prepares, collects ideas, writes freely, plans, drafts and revises. The reader is a supporting participant because the writer must consider who will read the writing.
| Character or role | Features | Evidence from the text |
|---|---|---|
| The writer | Purposeful, organised, active and willing to revise | “This process will help you to write freely.” |
| The reader | An important audience whose needs affect the writing | “Who are going to read it” |
| The brainstorming writer | Quick-thinking and open to recording every idea | “Write down everything that comes to your mind.” |
Know this: The theme is that good writing develops through a clear process. The tone is instructional because the text gives direct guidance such as “Continue writing, don’t stop until the time is up.” The expression “storm your brain” is a metaphor for searching the mind quickly for ideas. These points are based on the chapter’s explanation, not on personal opinion.
A solved example: Analyse the writer as the main role in the chapter. In the conventional method, first identify the role, then collect the writer’s actions: preparing, brainstorming, speed writing, planning, drafting and revising. Next explain the features shown by these actions. The writer is purposeful because writing depends on “Why you are writing (purpose)”; active because brainstorming asks the writer to “Write down the main points only”; and careful at the final stage because revision checks “if it is well-organized.” The writer therefore represents a learner who changes ideas into organised writing. The shortcut reaches the same result more quickly: writer → purposeful and active → “Why you are writing (purpose)” and “Write down the main points only” → theme of developing writing through stages. The conventional method gives fuller evidence, while the shortcut reduces the analysis to a quick evidence chain.
Practice question and solution: How does the chapter show that the writer is willing to improve the work? Answer: The writer is willing to improve the work because revision is placed at the final stage and checks whether the writing suits the reader, states the purpose clearly, is well-organized and contains the intended ideas. Evidence: “It is the last stage before we produce the actual writing.” ∴ The writer is presented as a careful learner who checks and improves a draft before producing the final writing.
১২.৭ Type-৩ : মূলভাব ও বার্তা (Theme)
মূলভাব: The chapter presents writing as a clear, step-by-step process that helps a writer prepare, develop and improve a letter, paragraph, composition or story. The central message is that organised preparation makes writing easier and freer. Evidence: “This process will help you to write freely.” A major sub-theme is suitability: the writer must consider the purpose, readers, content and situation before writing. Evidence: “In brief, the process of any piece of writing depends on:”
প্রচলিত পদ্ধতি: First, identify the purpose, readers, content and situation. Next, collect ideas through brainstorming and Wh questions. Then write continuously during speed writing, arrange the ideas through planning, turn the plan into a draft, and finally revise it. The chapter also teaches that a paragraph should follow an ordered structure. Evidence: “There are three parts of a paragraph.” The tone is practical and instructional because the writer receives direct guidance such as “Continue writing, don’t stop until the time is up.” The expression “storm your brain” is a simple metaphor for searching the mind quickly for ideas. Evidence: “It means you ‘storm’ your brain or search your brain for ideas.”
Theme → the main teaching of the whole chapter → “This process will help you to write freely.”
Sub-theme → preparation, idea collection, drafting and revision → “Gathering idea or information is essential for your writing.”
Tone → practical and instructional → “Write down everything that comes to your mind.”
Message → organised stages improve writing → “It is the last stage before we produce the actual writing.”
Shortcut chain: purpose + readers + content + situation → brainstorming and Wh questions → speed writing → planning → drafting → revising → introduction → middle → conclusion. This chain is quicker than explaining every stage separately, while the conventional method gives fuller evidence at each step.
একটি সমাধানকৃত উদাহরণ: প্রশ্ন: Analyse the main theme and two sub-themes of the chapter.
সমাধান: The main theme is that writing becomes effective when it follows a planned process. Evidence: “The actual writing begins with ‘drafting’.” The first sub-theme is preparation: the writer decides why to write, who will read it, what to write about and where or within how much time to write. Evidence: “Where you are, how much time you have to write, etc. (situation)” The second sub-theme is improvement through revision. Revision checks the reader, purpose, organisation and completeness of the writing. Evidence: “if it is well-organized.” Therefore, the chapter’s message is that a careful writer develops ideas through stages and checks the draft before producing the final writing. ∴ The theme is the development of clear writing through preparation, drafting and revision.
- Do not confuse the theme with one small example; connect it with the whole process.
- Use a short quotation as evidence for every important point.
- Remember the paragraph order: introduction → middle → conclusion.
অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন ও সমাধান: প্রশ্ন: What message does the chapter give about the role of revision?
সমাধান: Revision is presented as an essential checking stage before the final writing is produced. Evidence: “It is the last stage before we produce the actual writing.” It helps the writer see whether the writing is suitable for the reader, clear in purpose, well-organized and complete. Evidence: “if it contains all things you wanted to write.” ∴ The message is that a writer should review and improve the draft before presenting the actual writing.
১২.৯ Type-৪ : ভাষা, অলংকার ও সুর
উদ্ধৃতি খুঁজুন → ব্যবহৃত ভাষা বা কৌশল শনাক্ত করুন → পাঠকের মনে তার প্রভাব লিখুন → লেখকের সুর ও দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি নির্ণয় করুন।
শর্টকাট সূত্র: অলংকার = উদ্ধৃতি + কৌশল + প্রভাব; সুর = নির্দেশের ধরন; দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি = লেখক কাকে সরাসরি সম্বোধন করছেন।
জেনে রাখুন: এই পাঠে লেখার ধাপ বোঝাতে সরাসরি নির্দেশমূলক ভাষা ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। লেখক শিক্ষার্থীকে ‘you’ বলে সম্বোধন করেছেন, তাই দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি সরাসরি ও শিক্ষার্থী-কেন্দ্রিক। প্রচলিত পদ্ধতিতে আগে উদ্ধৃতি, পরে ভাষার কৌশল, তারপর প্রভাব এবং শেষে সুর ও দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি আলাদা করে ব্যাখ্যা করতে হয়। শর্টকাটে উদ্ধৃতি + কৌশল + প্রভাব সূত্রটি মনে রাখলে বিশ্লেষণ দ্রুত করা যায়।
| অলংকার | উদাহরণ | কী প্রভাব ফেলে |
|---|---|---|
| উপমা | “your letter to your friend is different from the letter to your parents.” — এটি তুলনা, কিন্তু ‘like’ বা ‘as’ ব্যবহার করা উপমা নয়। | বন্ধু ও অভিভাবকের জন্য লেখার পার্থক্য স্পষ্ট করে। |
| রূপক | “It means you ‘storm’ your brain or search your brain for ideas.” | ধারণা খোঁজার কাজকে মনের মধ্যে ঝড় তোলার সঙ্গে যুক্ত করে, তাই বক্তব্যটি সহজে মনে থাকে। |
| ব্যক্তিত্বারোপ | “This process will help you to write freely.” | লেখার প্রক্রিয়াকে সাহায্যকারী শক্তি হিসেবে দেখিয়ে তার গুরুত্ব বাড়ায়। |
| চিত্রকল্প | “They are-flying from flowers to flowers. They make honey.” | মৌমাছির উড়ে বেড়ানো ও মধু তৈরির দৃশ্য পাঠকের মনে স্পষ্ট ছবি তৈরি করে। |
একটি সমাধানকৃত উদাহরণ: পাঠটির সুর ও দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি বিশ্লেষণ করি। প্রচলিত পদ্ধতি: প্রথমে নির্দেশের প্রমাণ দেখা যায়—“Continue writing, don’t stop until the time is up.” এখানে থামা যাবে না—এমন সরাসরি নির্দেশ দেওয়া হয়েছে। আবার “When you want to write a letter” উদ্ধৃতিতে ‘you’ ব্যবহার করে শিক্ষার্থীকে সরাসরি সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে। তাই সুর ব্যবহারিক ও নির্দেশনামূলক এবং দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি সরাসরি শিক্ষার্থী-কেন্দ্রিক। শর্টকাটে: সরাসরি নির্দেশ + ‘you’ সম্বোধন → ব্যবহারিক সুর + সরাসরি দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি। প্রচলিত পদ্ধতিতে প্রমাণগুলো আলাদা করে সাজাতে হয়; শর্টকাটে দুটি সংকেত মিলিয়েই দ্রুত সিদ্ধান্তে পৌঁছানো যায়।
অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন ও সমাধান: “storm your brain” কথাটির ভাষাগত কৌশল ও প্রভাব লেখো। সমাধান: প্রচলিত পদ্ধতিতে উদ্ধৃতিটি চিহ্নিত করে দেখা যায়, মস্তিষ্কে ধারণা খোঁজাকে ঝড় তোলার সঙ্গে বোঝানো হয়েছে। তাই এটি রূপকধর্মী প্রকাশ। এর ফলে brainstorming-এর দ্রুত ও সক্রিয় কাজটি শিক্ষার্থীর কাছে সহজে বোধগম্য হয়। শর্টকাটে: ‘storm’ + brain → রূপক → দ্রুত ধারণা খোঁজার ভাব। ∴ “storm your brain” একটি রূপকধর্মী প্রকাশ, যা brainstorming-এর সক্রিয়তাকে স্পষ্ট করে।
উদ্দেশ্য + পাঠক + বিষয়বস্তু + পরিস্থিতি → ধারণা সংগ্রহ → দ্রুত লেখা → পরিকল্পনা → খসড়া লেখা → সংশোধন
লেখা শুরু করার আগে লেখক কী লিখছেন, কার জন্য লিখছেন এবং কোন পরিস্থিতিতে লিখছেন—এই বিষয়গুলো ভাবেন। পাঠ্যাংশে বলা হয়েছে, “The writing process also depends on:”
- একাই ধারণা সংগ্রহ করলে কম সময় নেওয়া যায়; সঙ্গী বা দলের সঙ্গে কাজ করলে বেশি সময় লাগতে পারে। উদ্ধৃতি: “Take 5 minutes if you do it alone and take more time if you work with a partner or in a group.”
- দ্রুত লেখার লক্ষ্য হলো স্বাধীনভাবে লেখা, নিখুঁত সংশোধন নয়। উদ্ধৃতি: “Continue writing, don’t stop until the time is up.”
- একটি অনুচ্ছেদের তিনটি অংশ হলো ভূমিকা, মধ্যাংশ ও উপসংহার। উদ্ধৃতি: “There are three parts of a paragraph.”
ধারণা সংগ্রহ, দ্রুত লেখা, পরিকল্পনা, খসড়া লেখা ও সংশোধন—ধাপগুলোর ক্রম গুলিয়ে ফেলবে না। দ্রুত লেখার সময় সংশোধনে থেমে গেলে লেখার স্বাধীন প্রবাহ নষ্ট হয়।