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ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim - Unit Two: Education and Life - Vocabulary

HSC (Class 11-12) ¡ English ¡ 14 Aug 2026

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HSC (Class 11-12)ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim - Unit Two: Education and Life - Vocabulary

Chapter: Unit Two: Education and Life

📚 Vocabulary
ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
rational decisionmake the right choicesself-awarenessactive member of the communitywork for the welfare of societycritical thinkinghuman diversitycultural and religious differenceslife skillscompetitive circumstancesbounties of naturefall into bad companymake a differencepursuit of happinessveritable mountain of textsmarked improvementcushioned comfortcivic lifepublic concernraise one’s voice against injusticeservice learningspontaneous and irregularexpress solidarity withglobal citizenwarrior of lightmake the most of one’s virtuesfaith, hope and loveovercome challengesthe right path
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē Add the suffix -ness to adjectives to form abstract nouns: happy → happiness, aware → awareness.
â–ē Add the suffix -ity to adjectives to form nouns: diverse → diversity, equal → equality, capable → capability.
â–ē Add the suffix -tion or -ation to verbs to form nouns: educate → education, discriminate → discrimination, engage → engagement.
â–ē Add the suffix -ment to verbs to form nouns: develop → development, encourage → encouragement, improve → improvement.
â–ē Add the suffix -al to nouns to form adjectives: culture → cultural, nation → national, education → educational.
â–ē Add the suffix -ly to adjectives to form adverbs: independent → independently, frantic → frantically, rational → rationally.
â–ē Use the negative prefix un-: lettered → unlettered, grateful → ungrateful, educated → uneducated.
â–ē Use the negative prefix in- or its forms im-, il-, and ir-: justice → injustice, possible → impossible, literate → illiterate, rational → irrational.
â–ē Use the suffix -ous to form adjectives: danger → dangerous, courage → courageous, glory → glorious.
â–ē Some words change spelling in the plural: strategy → strategies, ability → abilities, municipality → municipalities.
1. Education, Knowledge and Values (8 words)
education[/ˌedʒuˈkeÉĒʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž; āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Education helps us make rational decisions.
Syn: learning, instructionAnt: ignorance
💡 Exam tip: Use education as an uncountable noun when referring to learning in general.
knowledge[/ˈnɒlÉĒdʒ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ; āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ
Example: Education gives us knowledge about the world.
Syn: understanding, awarenessAnt: ignorance
💡 Exam tip: Knowledge is an uncountable noun; say a piece of knowledge, not a knowledge.
ability[/əˈbÉĒləti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž; āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝ
Example: Education develops our ability to communicate.
Syn: capacity, skillAnt: inability
💡 Exam tip: Ability is often followed by to + verb: the ability to decide.
rational[/ˈrÃĻʃənəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤ; āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ
Alt: āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ
Example: An educated person makes rational choices.
Syn: logical, reasonableAnt: irrational
💡 Exam tip: The noun form is rationality; the adverb is rationally.
self-confidence[/ˌself ˈkɒnfÉĒdəns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ; āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧ āφāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Learning to read and write gives children self-confidence.
Syn: self-assurance, confidenceAnt: self-doubt
💡 Exam tip: Use build, gain, or develop with self-confidence.
personality[/ˌpɜːsəˈnÃĻləti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ; āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ
Alt: āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ
Example: Self-awareness helps develop our personality.
Syn: character, individualityAnt: anonymity
💡 Exam tip: Personality development is a common composition topic.
compassion[/kəmˈpÃĻʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻšāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻž; āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āσāϖ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ–ā§€ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž
Example: Good education develops compassion for disadvantaged people.
Syn: sympathy, pityAnt: cruelty
💡 Exam tip: The adjective is compassionate: a compassionate person.
integrity[/ÉĒnˈteÉĄrəti/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāϤāϤāĻž āĻ“ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧāϤāĻž
Alt: āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āϟāϞ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āĻŖ
Example: Integrity is an important value in personal and public life.
Syn: honesty, uprightnessAnt: dishonesty
💡 Exam tip: Integrity is generally uncountable and is used with moral or personal.
2. Critical Thinking and Social Development (8 words)
independently[/ˌÉĒndÉĒˈpendəntli/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇; āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŽāϤ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€
Example: Education teaches students to think independently.
Syn: autonomously, separatelyAnt: dependently
💡 Exam tip: Independent is the adjective; independence is the noun.
articulate[/ɑːˈtÉĒkjuleÉĒt/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Students learn to articulate their thoughts clearly.
Syn: express, stateAnt: mumble
💡 Exam tip: Articulate can also be an adjective meaning clear and effective in speech.
deviation[/ˌdiːviˈeÉĒʃən/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋ; āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ
Example: Education helps us identify deviations from social values.
Syn: departure, divergenceAnt: conformity
💡 Exam tip: The verb is deviate, followed by from: deviate from the rules.
creativity[/ˌkriːeÉĒˈtÉĒvəti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž; āύāϤ⧁āύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Example: Education sharpens the intellect and develops creativity.
Syn: imagination, inventivenessAnt: dullness
💡 Exam tip: Creative is the adjective and creatively is the adverb.
potential[/pəˈtenʃəl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž; āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝ
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Education releases our potential and inner strengths.
Syn: possibility, capacityAnt: limitation
💡 Exam tip: Potential may be a noun or adjective: potential talent.
competence[/ˈkɒmpÉĒtəns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž; āϏāĻĢāϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Example: Life skills increase a learner’s competence in difficult situations.
Syn: proficiency, abilityAnt: incompetence
💡 Exam tip: The adjective is competent and the adverb is competently.
diversity[/daÉĒˈvɜːsəti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
Example: Education teaches us to respect human diversity.
Syn: variety, multiplicityAnt: uniformity
💡 Exam tip: Cultural diversity and religious diversity are useful exam collocations.
liberal[/ˈlÉĒbərəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āωāĻĻāĻžāϰ; āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŽāϤ āĻ“ āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇ āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ
Example: Education is progressive and liberal.
Syn: broad-minded, tolerantAnt: narrow-minded
💡 Exam tip: Liberal education encourages tolerance and independent thought.
3. The Starfish Story and Human Values (8 words)
stranded[/ˈstrÃĻndÉĒd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϤ⧀āϰ⧇ āφāϟāϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāϟāϕ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž
Example: The boy returned the stranded starfish to the ocean.
Syn: marooned, stuckAnt: rescued
💡 Exam tip: Stranded is commonly followed by on: stranded on the beach.
toss[/tɒs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāϞāĻ•āĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϛ⧁āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•-āĻ“āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: The boy tossed the starfish into the waves.
Syn: throw, flingAnt: catch
💡 Exam tip: Toss something into or onto a place.
frantically[/ˈfrÃĻntÉĒkli/]advmedium
Meaning: āωāĻĻāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇; āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ•āĻŖā§āĻ āĻŋāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
Alt: āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
Example: The participants frantically searched for their balloons.
Syn: desperately, wildlyAnt: calmly
💡 Exam tip: The adjective is frantic; use frantically to modify a verb.
make a difference[/meÉĒk ə ˈdÉĒfrəns/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĒāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻž
Example: Even a small act of kindness can make a difference.
Syn: have an impact, helpAnt: be ineffective
💡 Exam tip: This is an important idiom for essays on social responsibility.
ridiculous[/rÉĒˈdÉĒkjələs/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ; āĻ…āϝ⧌āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•
Alt: āωāĻĒāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ
Example: The old man thought the boy’s effort was ridiculous.
Syn: absurd, sillyAnt: sensible
💡 Exam tip: Ridiculous means unreasonable, not merely funny.
happiness[/ˈhÃĻpinəs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏ⧁āĻ–; āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āϤ⧃āĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Our happiness often lies in the happiness of others.
Syn: joy, contentmentAnt: sadness
💡 Exam tip: The adjective is happy; the adverb is happily.
pursuit[/pəˈsjuːt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāύāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž
Example: The pursuit of happiness is a purpose of human life.
Syn: quest, searchAnt: avoidance
💡 Exam tip: Pursuit is followed by of: the pursuit of knowledge.
fellow feeling[/ˌfeləʊ ˈfiːlÉĒŋ/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻšāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻž; āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŦā§‹āϧ
Example: Education develops fellow feeling among citizens.
Syn: empathy, sympathyAnt: indifference
💡 Exam tip: Use fellow feeling in value-based paragraphs and moral questions.
4. The Parrot’s Tale and Satire (8 words)
unlettered[/ʌnˈletəd/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ…āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ; āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻžāĻšā§€āύ
Alt: āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžā§āϚāĻŋāϤ
Example: The unlettered bird could sing but could not recite scripture.
Syn: illiterate, uneducatedAnt: literate
💡 Exam tip: Un- is a negative prefix: unlettered means not lettered or educated.
scripture[/ˈskrÉĒptʃə/]nounhard
Meaning: āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¨ā§āĻĨ; āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¨ā§āĻĨ
Alt: āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€
Example: The bird could not recite a word of scripture.
Syn: holy text, sacred writingAnt: profane writing
💡 Exam tip: Scripture is usually used as an uncountable noun.
exquisite[/ÉĒkˈskwÉĒzÉĒt/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ“ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ
Alt: āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧂āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽ āĻ“ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧ
Example: The goldsmith produced an exquisite cage.
Syn: superb, beautifulAnt: ភẙ
💡 Exam tip: Use exquisite to describe beauty, craftsmanship, or taste.
veritable[/ˈverÉĒtəbəl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The scribes produced a veritable mountain of texts.
Syn: genuine, realAnt: false
💡 Exam tip: Veritable often emphasizes that something is surprisingly large or impressive.
maintenance[/ˈmeÉĒntənəns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ; āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻ°ā§āϝāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ
Example: The expensive cage required constant maintenance.
Syn: upkeep, repairAnt: neglect
💡 Exam tip: Maintenance is a noun; do not write maintainance.
hypocritical[/ˌhÉĒpəˈkrÉĒtÉĒkəl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ­āĻŖā§āĻĄ; āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ
Alt: āĻ•āĻĒāϟ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•
Example: The officials were hypocritical because they praised the cage but ignored the bird.
Syn: insincere, deceitfulAnt: sincere
💡 Exam tip: The noun is hypocrisy and the person is a hypocrite.
detractor[/dÉĒˈtrÃĻktə/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāĻ•; āύāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ“ āϏ⧁āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: The detractors questioned whether anyone cared about the bird.
Syn: critic, opponentAnt: supporter
💡 Exam tip: A detractor may criticize a person, plan, or institution.
satire[/ˈsÃĻtaÉĒə/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϰāϚāύāĻž; āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ
Alt: āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž
Example: The Parrot’s Tale is a satire on mechanical and meaningless education.
Syn: mockery, lampoonAnt: praise
💡 Exam tip: In a literary question, explain that satire uses humour or ridicule to expose faults.
5. Civic Engagement and Service (8 words)
civic engagement[/ˌsÉĒvÉĒk ÉĒnˈɥeÉĒdʒmənt/]nounhard
Meaning: āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒ⧃āĻ•ā§āϤāϤāĻž; āϜāύāĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž
Example: Civic engagement improves the quality of life in a community.
Syn: public participation, civic actionAnt: civic apathy
💡 Exam tip: Mention knowledge, skills, values, and motivation in its definition.
volunteerism[/ˌvɒlənˈtÉĒərÉĒzəm/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāϏ⧇āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž; āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāσāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž
Example: Volunteerism is often spontaneous and irregular.
Syn: voluntary service, altruismAnt: selfishness
💡 Exam tip: Distinguish it from service learning: volunteerism is not part of an academic programme.
service learning[/ˈsɜːvÉĒs ˌlɜːnÉĒŋ/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž; āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž
Alt: āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϏāĻš āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĄā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ
Example: Service learning connects classroom knowledge with community work.
Syn: community-based learning, experiential learningAnt: theoretical learning
💡 Exam tip: Its key features are an academic programme, action plan, implementation, and assessment.
solidarity[/ˌsɒlÉĒˈdÃĻrəti/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻ‚āĻšāϤāĻŋ; āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ
Alt: āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ–ā§€ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻĒā§€āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ
Example: The envoy visited the refugees to express her solidarity with them.
Syn: unity, supportAnt: division
💡 Exam tip: Express solidarity with someone or a group.
injustice[/ÉĒnˈdʒʌstÉĒs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ; āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Example: Responsible citizens raise their voices against injustice.
Syn: unfairness, wrongdoingAnt: justice
💡 Exam tip: The prefix in- changes justice into its opposite.
discrimination[/dÉĒˌskrÉĒmÉĒˈneÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ; āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āφāϚāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻŽ āφāϚāϰāĻŖ
Example: Civic engagement can challenge discrimination.
Syn: bias, prejudiceAnt: equality
💡 Exam tip: Use discrimination against a person or group.
petition[/pəˈtÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ; āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āφāύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ
Example: The citizens submitted a petition against the unjust decision.
Syn: appeal, requestAnt: refusal
💡 Exam tip: As a verb, petition means to formally request action from an authority.
municipality[/mjuːˌnÉĒsÉĒˈpÃĻləti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒ⧌āϰāϏāĻ­āĻž; āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āύāĻ—āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ
Alt: āĻĒ⧌āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻž
Example: The municipality should keep public places clean.
Syn: local authority, town councilAnt: rural area
💡 Exam tip: Municipal is the adjective: municipal services.
6. Warrior of Light and Personal Growth (8 words)
warrior[/ˈwɒriə/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϝ⧋āĻĻā§āϧāĻž; āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧀ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§€
Example: A warrior of light faces uncertainty with courage.
Syn: fighter, championAnt: coward
💡 Exam tip: In the lesson, warrior is metaphorical and represents a brave, ethical person.
paralyse[/ˈpÃĻrəlaÉĒz/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: A warrior does not allow limited opportunities to paralyse him.
Syn: disable, immobilizeAnt: activate
💡 Exam tip: Paralyse may be physical or emotional: fear paralysed him.
virtue[/ˈvɜːtʃuː/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϗ⧁āĻŖ; āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώ
Alt: āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ
Example: A wise person tries to make the most of his virtues.
Syn: merit, goodnessAnt: vice
💡 Exam tip: Common virtues include honesty, courage, faith, hope, and love.
rely[/rÉĒˈlaÉĒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ“ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āφāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž
Example: A warrior establishes what he can truly rely on.
Syn: depend, trustAnt: distrust
💡 Exam tip: Always use rely on: rely on your companions.
faith[/feÉĒθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ; āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧ āφāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Alt: āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ
Example: Faith gives a warrior the strength to move forward.
Syn: belief, trustAnt: doubt
💡 Exam tip: Faith in is used before a person, cause, or principle.
hesitate[/ˈhezÉĒteÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: He does not hesitate to go forward when he has faith, hope, and love.
Syn: waver, pauseAnt: decide
💡 Exam tip: Use hesitate to + verb or hesitate about something.
encourage[/ÉĒnˈkƌrÉĒdʒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ āĻŦāĻž āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻœā§‹āĻ—āĻžāύ⧋
Example: A warrior encourages his companions to follow their dreams.
Syn: inspire, motivateAnt: discourage
💡 Exam tip: Encourage someone to do something is a frequent grammar pattern.
strategy[/ˈstrÃĻtədʒi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ; āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ
Example: The best warrior plans his strategy before a battle.
Syn: plan, tacticAnt: improvisation
💡 Exam tip: The plural is strategies, not strategys.
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ For definition questions, write the meaning in simple English and support it with a context-based example.
â€ĸ In synonym-antonym questions, remember that stranded means left helpless on a shore, while rescued is its contextual opposite.
â€ĸ For The Parrot’s Tale, identify satire as the literary genre because it ridicules meaningless, mechanical education and administrative corruption.
â€ĸ In questions about civic engagement, mention public interest, responsible citizenship, social issues, and community improvement.
â€ĸ Clearly distinguish volunteerism from service learning: volunteerism is spontaneous and not academic, whereas service learning is planned, assessed, and connected to classroom learning.
â€ĸ Use collocations accurately: make a difference, express solidarity with, raise one’s voice against injustice, and rely on someone.
â€ĸ In composition answers, connect education with knowledge, critical thinking, values, creativity, social responsibility, and personal development.
â€ĸ For the Warrior of Light lesson, explain that the warrior is a metaphor for a courageous person who knows strengths and weaknesses and acts with faith, hope, love, and strategy.
â€ĸ When answering story questions, include the moral or central message rather than only retelling events.
â€ĸ Check part of speech and word form carefully, especially education/educational, creativity/creative, courage/courageous, and independence/independently.

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