Chapter: Unit Two: Education and Life
đ Vocabulary
ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim
â Most Important Exam Words
rational decisionmake the right choicesself-awarenessactive member of the communitywork for the welfare of societycritical thinkinghuman diversitycultural and religious differenceslife skillscompetitive circumstancesbounties of naturefall into bad companymake a differencepursuit of happinessveritable mountain of textsmarked improvementcushioned comfortcivic lifepublic concernraise oneâs voice against injusticeservice learningspontaneous and irregularexpress solidarity withglobal citizenwarrior of lightmake the most of oneâs virtuesfaith, hope and loveovercome challengesthe right path
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Add the suffix -ness to adjectives to form abstract nouns: happy â happiness, aware â awareness.
âē Add the suffix -ity to adjectives to form nouns: diverse â diversity, equal â equality, capable â capability.
âē Add the suffix -tion or -ation to verbs to form nouns: educate â education, discriminate â discrimination, engage â engagement.
âē Add the suffix -ment to verbs to form nouns: develop â development, encourage â encouragement, improve â improvement.
âē Add the suffix -al to nouns to form adjectives: culture â cultural, nation â national, education â educational.
âē Add the suffix -ly to adjectives to form adverbs: independent â independently, frantic â frantically, rational â rationally.
âē Use the negative prefix un-: lettered â unlettered, grateful â ungrateful, educated â uneducated.
âē Use the negative prefix in- or its forms im-, il-, and ir-: justice â injustice, possible â impossible, literate â illiterate, rational â irrational.
âē Use the suffix -ous to form adjectives: danger â dangerous, courage â courageous, glory â glorious.
âē Some words change spelling in the plural: strategy â strategies, ability â abilities, municipality â municipalities.
1. Education, Knowledge and Values (8 words)
education[/ËedĘuËkeÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž; āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Education helps us make rational decisions.
Syn: learning, instructionAnt: ignorance
đĄ Exam tip: Use education as an uncountable noun when referring to learning in general.
knowledge[/ËnÉlÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ; āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ
Example: Education gives us knowledge about the world.
Syn: understanding, awarenessAnt: ignorance
đĄ Exam tip: Knowledge is an uncountable noun; say a piece of knowledge, not a knowledge.
ability[/ÉËbÉĒlÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž; āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϝāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨā§āϝ
Example: Education develops our ability to communicate.
Syn: capacity, skillAnt: inability
đĄ Exam tip: Ability is often followed by to + verb: the ability to decide.
rational[/ËrÃĻĘÉnÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϏāĻāĻāϤ; āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āώāĻŖ
Example: An educated person makes rational choices.
Syn: logical, reasonableAnt: irrational
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is rationality; the adverb is rationally.
self-confidence[/Ëself ËkÉnfÉĒdÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ; āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Learning to read and write gives children self-confidence.
Syn: self-assurance, confidenceAnt: self-doubt
đĄ Exam tip: Use build, gain, or develop with self-confidence.
personality[/ËpÉËsÉËnÃĻlÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ; āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ
Example: Self-awareness helps develop our personality.
Syn: character, individualityAnt: anonymity
đĄ Exam tip: Personality development is a common composition topic.
compassion[/kÉmËpÃĻĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻšāĻŽāϰā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻž; āĻ
āύā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻšāĻžāύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: Good education develops compassion for disadvantaged people.
Syn: sympathy, pityAnt: cruelty
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is compassionate: a compassionate person.
integrity[/ÉĒnËteÉĄrÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāϤāϤāĻž āĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāϤāĻž
Alt: āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻ
āĻāϞ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŖ
Example: Integrity is an important value in personal and public life.
Syn: honesty, uprightnessAnt: dishonesty
đĄ Exam tip: Integrity is generally uncountable and is used with moral or personal.
2. Critical Thinking and Social Development (8 words)
independently[/ËÉĒndÉĒËpendÉntli/]advmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§; āĻ
āύā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻŽāϤ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§
Example: Education teaches students to think independently.
Syn: autonomously, separatelyAnt: dependently
đĄ Exam tip: Independent is the adjective; independence is the noun.
articulate[/ÉËËtÉĒkjuleÉĒt/]verbhard
Meaning: āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Students learn to articulate their thoughts clearly.
Syn: express, stateAnt: mumble
đĄ Exam tip: Articulate can also be an adjective meaning clear and effective in speech.
deviation[/ËdiËviËeÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋ; āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦāĻž āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏāϰ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ
Example: Education helps us identify deviations from social values.
Syn: departure, divergenceAnt: conformity
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is deviate, followed by from: deviate from the rules.
creativity[/ËkriËeÉĒËtÉĒvÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻž; āύāϤā§āύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āϤā§āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Example: Education sharpens the intellect and develops creativity.
Syn: imagination, inventivenessAnt: dullness
đĄ Exam tip: Creative is the adjective and creatively is the adverb.
potential[/pÉËtenĘÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž; āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨā§āϝ
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Education releases our potential and inner strengths.
Syn: possibility, capacityAnt: limitation
đĄ Exam tip: Potential may be a noun or adjective: potential talent.
competence[/ËkÉmpÉĒtÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž; āϏāĻĢāϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϝāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Example: Life skills increase a learnerâs competence in difficult situations.
Syn: proficiency, abilityAnt: incompetence
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is competent and the adverb is competently.
diversity[/daÉĒËvÉËsÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϤā§āĻŦ
Example: Education teaches us to respect human diversity.
Syn: variety, multiplicityAnt: uniformity
đĄ Exam tip: Cultural diversity and religious diversity are useful exam collocations.
liberal[/ËlÉĒbÉrÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻāĻžāϰ; āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻŽāϤ āĻ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖā§ āĻāύā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤ
Alt: āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϤāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ
Example: Education is progressive and liberal.
Syn: broad-minded, tolerantAnt: narrow-minded
đĄ Exam tip: Liberal education encourages tolerance and independent thought.
3. The Starfish Story and Human Values (8 words)
stranded[/ËstrÃĻndÉĒd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻšā§āύ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: The boy returned the stranded starfish to the ocean.
Syn: marooned, stuckAnt: rescued
đĄ Exam tip: Stranded is commonly followed by on: stranded on the beach.
toss[/tÉs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāϞāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĒāϰ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ-āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: The boy tossed the starfish into the waves.
Syn: throw, flingAnt: catch
đĄ Exam tip: Toss something into or onto a place.
frantically[/ËfrÃĻntÉĒkli/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§; āĻā§āĻāĻŖā§āĻ āĻŋāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Alt: āĻāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ
āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Example: The participants frantically searched for their balloons.
Syn: desperately, wildlyAnt: calmly
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is frantic; use frantically to modify a verb.
make a difference[/meÉĒk É ËdÉĒfrÉns/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāύ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§āϞāĻž
Example: Even a small act of kindness can make a difference.
Syn: have an impact, helpAnt: be ineffective
đĄ Exam tip: This is an important idiom for essays on social responsibility.
ridiculous[/rÉĒËdÉĒkjÉlÉs/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāϏā§āϝāĻāϰ; āĻ
āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāϏā§āϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Example: The old man thought the boyâs effort was ridiculous.
Syn: absurd, sillyAnt: sensible
đĄ Exam tip: Ridiculous means unreasonable, not merely funny.
happiness[/ËhÃĻpinÉs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏā§āĻ; āĻāύāύā§āĻĻāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Our happiness often lies in the happiness of others.
Syn: joy, contentmentAnt: sadness
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is happy; the adverb is happily.
pursuit[/pÉËsjuËt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāύāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻ
āϰā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž
Example: The pursuit of happiness is a purpose of human life.
Syn: quest, searchAnt: avoidance
đĄ Exam tip: Pursuit is followed by of: the pursuit of knowledge.
fellow feeling[/ËfelÉĘ ËfiËlÉĒÅ/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻšāĻŽāϰā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻž; āĻ
āύā§āϝā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻžāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϧ
Example: Education develops fellow feeling among citizens.
Syn: empathy, sympathyAnt: indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Use fellow feeling in value-based paragraphs and moral questions.
4. The Parrotâs Tale and Satire (8 words)
unlettered[/ĘnËletÉd/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ; āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§āύāĻžāĻšā§āύ
Alt: āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: The unlettered bird could sing but could not recite scripture.
Syn: illiterate, uneducatedAnt: literate
đĄ Exam tip: Un- is a negative prefix: unlettered means not lettered or educated.
scripture[/ËskrÉĒptĘÉ/]nounhard
Meaning: āϧāϰā§āĻŽāĻā§āϰāύā§āĻĨ; āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āϰāύā§āĻĨ
Alt: āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§
Example: The bird could not recite a word of scripture.
Syn: holy text, sacred writingAnt: profane writing
đĄ Exam tip: Scripture is usually used as an uncountable noun.
exquisite[/ÉĒkËskwÉĒzÉĒt/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤ
Alt: āĻ
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏā§āĻā§āώā§āĻŽ āĻ āĻāĻāϰā§āώāĻŖā§āϝāĻŧ
Example: The goldsmith produced an exquisite cage.
Syn: superb, beautifulAnt: į˛įŗ
đĄ Exam tip: Use exquisite to describe beauty, craftsmanship, or taste.
veritable[/ËverÉĒtÉbÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The scribes produced a veritable mountain of texts.
Syn: genuine, realAnt: false
đĄ Exam tip: Veritable often emphasizes that something is surprisingly large or impressive.
maintenance[/ËmeÉĒntÉnÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ; āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϰā§āϝāĻž āĻ āĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ
Example: The expensive cage required constant maintenance.
Syn: upkeep, repairAnt: neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Maintenance is a noun; do not write maintainance.
hypocritical[/ËhÉĒpÉËkrÉĒtÉĒkÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ; āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ
Example: The officials were hypocritical because they praised the cage but ignored the bird.
Syn: insincere, deceitfulAnt: sincere
đĄ Exam tip: The noun is hypocrisy and the person is a hypocrite.
detractor[/dÉĒËtrÃĻktÉ/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻ; āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āϏā§āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻāϰā§
Example: The detractors questioned whether anyone cared about the bird.
Syn: critic, opponentAnt: supporter
đĄ Exam tip: A detractor may criticize a person, plan, or institution.
satire[/ËsÃĻtaÉĒÉ/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āĻāϰāĻāύāĻž; āĻā§āϞ āĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ
Alt: āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž
Example: The Parrotâs Tale is a satire on mechanical and meaningless education.
Syn: mockery, lampoonAnt: praise
đĄ Exam tip: In a literary question, explain that satire uses humour or ridicule to expose faults.
5. Civic Engagement and Service (8 words)
civic engagement[/ËsÉĒvÉĒk ÉĒnËÉĄeÉĒdĘmÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āύāĻžāĻāϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻā§āϤāϤāĻž; āĻāύāĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āύāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
Example: Civic engagement improves the quality of life in a community.
Syn: public participation, civic actionAnt: civic apathy
đĄ Exam tip: Mention knowledge, skills, values, and motivation in its definition.
volunteerism[/ËvÉlÉnËtÉĒÉrÉĒzÉm/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž; āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž
Alt: āϏā§āĻŦāϤāĻāϏā§āĻĢā§āϰā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻž
Example: Volunteerism is often spontaneous and irregular.
Syn: voluntary service, altruismAnt: selfishness
đĄ Exam tip: Distinguish it from service learning: volunteerism is not part of an academic programme.
service learning[/ËsÉËvÉĒs ËlÉËnÉĒÅ/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž; āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻž
Alt: āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϏāĻš āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ
Example: Service learning connects classroom knowledge with community work.
Syn: community-based learning, experiential learningAnt: theoretical learning
đĄ Exam tip: Its key features are an academic programme, action plan, implementation, and assessment.
solidarity[/ËsÉlÉĒËdÃĻrÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻāĻšāϤāĻŋ; āĻ
āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻāĻā§āϝ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: The envoy visited the refugees to express her solidarity with them.
Syn: unity, supportAnt: division
đĄ Exam tip: Express solidarity with someone or a group.
injustice[/ÉĒnËdĘĘstÉĒs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ; āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ
Example: Responsible citizens raise their voices against injustice.
Syn: unfairness, wrongdoingAnt: justice
đĄ Exam tip: The prefix in- changes justice into its opposite.
discrimination[/dÉĒËskrÉĒmÉĒËneÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āώāĻŽā§āϝ; āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋ, āϧāϰā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻ
āϏāĻŽ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ
Example: Civic engagement can challenge discrimination.
Syn: bias, prejudiceAnt: equality
đĄ Exam tip: Use discrimination against a person or group.
petition[/pÉËtÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāύāĻĒāϤā§āϰ; āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻĒāĻā§āώā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āώāϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āύā§āϰā§āϧ
Example: The citizens submitted a petition against the unjust decision.
Syn: appeal, requestAnt: refusal
đĄ Exam tip: As a verb, petition means to formally request action from an authority.
municipality[/mjuËËnÉĒsÉĒËpÃĻlÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻāĻž; āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϝāĻŧ āύāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻĒāĻā§āώā§āϰ āĻ
āϧā§āύ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: The municipality should keep public places clean.
Syn: local authority, town councilAnt: rural area
đĄ Exam tip: Municipal is the adjective: municipal services.
6. Warrior of Light and Personal Growth (8 words)
warrior[/ËwÉriÉ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻž; āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻ
āϰā§āĻāύ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧠āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§
Example: A warrior of light faces uncertainty with courage.
Syn: fighter, championAnt: coward
đĄ Exam tip: In the lesson, warrior is metaphorical and represents a brave, ethical person.
paralyse[/ËpÃĻrÉlaÉĒz/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāϞ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āύāώā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: A warrior does not allow limited opportunities to paralyse him.
Syn: disable, immobilizeAnt: activate
đĄ Exam tip: Paralyse may be physical or emotional: fear paralysed him.
virtue[/ËvÉËtĘuË/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŖ; āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻāϰā§āώ
Alt: āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ
Example: A wise person tries to make the most of his virtues.
Syn: merit, goodnessAnt: vice
đĄ Exam tip: Common virtues include honesty, courage, faith, hope, and love.
rely[/rÉĒËlaÉĒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āϰāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: A warrior establishes what he can truly rely on.
Syn: depend, trustAnt: distrust
đĄ Exam tip: Always use rely on: rely on your companions.
faith[/feÉĒθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ; āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Alt: āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ
Example: Faith gives a warrior the strength to move forward.
Syn: belief, trustAnt: doubt
đĄ Exam tip: Faith in is used before a person, cause, or principle.
hesitate[/ËhezÉĒteÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: He does not hesitate to go forward when he has faith, hope, and love.
Syn: waver, pauseAnt: decide
đĄ Exam tip: Use hesitate to + verb or hesitate about something.
encourage[/ÉĒnËkĘrÉĒdĘ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύā§
Example: A warrior encourages his companions to follow their dreams.
Syn: inspire, motivateAnt: discourage
đĄ Exam tip: Encourage someone to do something is a frequent grammar pattern.
strategy[/ËstrÃĻtÉdĘi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻļāϞ; āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻ
āϰā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ
Example: The best warrior plans his strategy before a battle.
Syn: plan, tacticAnt: improvisation
đĄ Exam tip: The plural is strategies, not strategys.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ For definition questions, write the meaning in simple English and support it with a context-based example.
âĸ In synonym-antonym questions, remember that stranded means left helpless on a shore, while rescued is its contextual opposite.
âĸ For The Parrotâs Tale, identify satire as the literary genre because it ridicules meaningless, mechanical education and administrative corruption.
âĸ In questions about civic engagement, mention public interest, responsible citizenship, social issues, and community improvement.
âĸ Clearly distinguish volunteerism from service learning: volunteerism is spontaneous and not academic, whereas service learning is planned, assessed, and connected to classroom learning.
âĸ Use collocations accurately: make a difference, express solidarity with, raise oneâs voice against injustice, and rely on someone.
âĸ In composition answers, connect education with knowledge, critical thinking, values, creativity, social responsibility, and personal development.
âĸ For the Warrior of Light lesson, explain that the warrior is a metaphor for a courageous person who knows strengths and weaknesses and acts with faith, hope, love, and strategy.
âĸ When answering story questions, include the moral or central message rather than only retelling events.
âĸ Check part of speech and word form carefully, especially education/educational, creativity/creative, courage/courageous, and independence/independently.