Chapter: Unit Seven: Lifestyle
đ Vocabulary
ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim
â Most Important Exam Words
etiquettecourteousgesturegratitudeconsideraterefinementnetiquettenetizenprivacyintervenejunk foodnutritionalprocessedobesitycardiovascularnourishmentmeditationconcentrationawarenesstolerancecompulsiveoverspendfinancial ruintemptpersuadedebtbudget
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Manner â manners: add -s to refer to customary ways of behaving.
âē Etiquette â netiquette: combine net with etiquette to form a word related to online behaviour.
âē Polite â politely: add -ly to form an adverb.
âē Courtesy â courteous: add -ous to form an adjective meaning polite.
âē Gratitude â grateful: related adjective meaning thankful; gratefulness is the noun-like form.
âē Civil â civilized: add -ize and -ed to describe someone or something made civilized.
âē Addict â addicted â addiction: adjective and noun forms are formed with -ed and -ion.
âē Consume â consumption: add -tion to form the noun for the act of consuming.
âē Nourish â nourishment: add -ment to form the noun meaning provision of nutrition.
âē Meditate â meditation: replace the verb ending with -ion to form the abstract noun.
âē Relax â relaxation: add -ation to form the noun meaning a state of rest.
âē Spend â spending: add -ing to form a gerund or present participle.
âē Responsible â irresponsibility: use the prefix ir- and suffix -ity to form the opposite abstract noun.
1. Manners and Etiquette (10 words)
manners[/ËmÃĻnÉrz/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ; āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
Example: Good manners show respect for other people.
Syn: courtesyAnt: rudeness
đĄ Exam tip: Manners are general principles of polite behaviour.
etiquette[/ËetÉĒket/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽ
Example: You should learn dining etiquette before attending a formal dinner.
Syn: protocolAnt: impropriety
đĄ Exam tip: Remember: manners are universal principles, while etiquette varies by culture and situation.
courteous[/ËkÉËrtiÉs/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ā§; āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: The courteous student thanked the waiter.
Syn: politeAnt: discourteous
đĄ Exam tip: Courteous is the adjective form related to courtesy.
greeting[/ËÉĄriËtÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨; āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻŖ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: A handshake is a common greeting in many countries.
Syn: salutationAnt: farewell
đĄ Exam tip: Use greeting for an act or expression of welcoming someone.
gesture[/ËdĘestĘÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ; āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ
Example: A smile is a friendly gesture.
Syn: signalAnt: inaction
đĄ Exam tip: A gesture may communicate respect, friendship or disagreement without words.
gratitude[/ËÉĄrÃĻtÉĒtjuËd/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: She expressed her gratitude for the gift.
Syn: thankfulnessAnt: ingratitude
đĄ Exam tip: Gratitude is an abstract noun; grateful is its common adjective form.
respect[/rÉĒËspekt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Respect for elders is an important social value.
Syn: honourAnt: disrespect
đĄ Exam tip: Respect can be both a noun and a verb.
refuse[/rÉĒËfjuËz/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: It may be impolite to refuse a gift immediately in some cultures.
Syn: rejectAnt: accept
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse verb refuse /rÉĒËfjuËz/ with noun refuse /ËrefjuËs/ meaning rubbish.
senior[/ËsiËniÉr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻˇā§āĻ ; āĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻˇā§āĻ
Alt: āĻĒāĻĻāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨
Example: Guests should greet the most senior person first.
Syn: elderAnt: junior
đĄ Exam tip: Senior is often followed by to, not than: senior to someone.
civilized[/ËsÉĒvÉlaÉĒzd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
Example: A civilized society values kindness and tolerance.
Syn: culturedAnt: uncivilized
đĄ Exam tip: Civilized comes from civil, meaning polite and socially responsible.
2. Table Manners and Social Behaviour (10 words)
refinement[/rÉĒËfaÉĒnmÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¨; āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
Example: Table manners are a sign of refinement.
Syn: polishAnt: į˛äŋāĻ¤āĻž
đĄ Exam tip: Use refinement when discussing cultured behaviour or taste.
slouch[/slaĘtĘ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻšā§ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻ
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: You should not slouch while sitting at the table.
Syn: hunchAnt: straighten
đĄ Exam tip: Slouch is commonly used with posture or in a chair.
chomp[/tĘÉmp/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: Nobody likes to hear someone chomping food.
Syn: munchAnt: sip
đĄ Exam tip: Chomp and slurp describe unpleasant eating sounds.
slurp[/slÉËrp/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Avoid slurping soup in a formal dinner.
Syn: sip noisilyAnt: drink quietly
đĄ Exam tip: Slurp is especially associated with liquid food or drinks.
burp[/bÉËrp/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĸā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: It is rude to burp loudly at the table.
Syn: belchAnt: remain silent
đĄ Exam tip: Belch is a stronger synonym of burp and is useful in vocabulary questions.
posture[/ËpÉstĘÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻšāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ; āĻŦāĻ¸āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
Example: An upright posture shows attention and confidence.
Syn: bearingAnt: slouching
đĄ Exam tip: Upright posture is positive; poor posture may indicate carelessness.
considerate[/kÉnËsÉĒdÉrÉt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻļā§āĻ˛; āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛
Example: A considerate guest waits until everyone is served.
Syn: thoughtfulAnt: inconsiderate
đĄ Exam tip: Considerate means careful not to inconvenience others.
discreetly[/dÉĒËskriËtli/]advhard
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: She discreetly removed the food stuck between her teeth.
Syn: quietlyAnt: openly
đĄ Exam tip: Discreetly is an adverb; discreet means careful and tactful.
buffoon[/bÉËfuËn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻā§; āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: He behaved like a buffoon at the formal dinner.
Syn: clownAnt: gentleperson
đĄ Exam tip: Buffoon is usually a negative word describing foolish public behaviour.
appreciate[/ÉËpriËĘieÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻž; āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻž
Example: Guests appreciate hosts who serve them politely.
Syn: valueAnt: disregard
đĄ Exam tip: Appreciate may mean both value and be grateful for.
3. Netiquette and Digital Conduct (10 words)
netiquette[/ËnetÉĒket/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽ
Example: Netiquette requires users to communicate respectfully online.
Syn: online etiquetteAnt: online rudeness
đĄ Exam tip: Netiquette is formed from net plus etiquette.
netizen[/ËnetÉĒzÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ
Example: A responsible netizen checks information before sharing it.
Syn: internet userAnt: non-user
đĄ Exam tip: Netizen means a habitual or keen Internet user.
addicted[/ÉËdÉĒktÉĒd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻļā§āĻ˛
Example: He is addicted to social media.
Syn: dependentAnt: independent
đĄ Exam tip: Addicted is followed by to: addicted to games.
privacy[/ËpraÉĒvÉsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§ā§āĻ¤āĻž; āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ°
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Example: Never share another personâs private information without permission.
Syn: confidentialityAnt: publicity
đĄ Exam tip: Privacy is a key issue in online communication and social media.
intervene[/ËÉĒntÉrËviËn/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: It is rude to intervene while elders are speaking.
Syn: interfereAnt: withdraw
đĄ Exam tip: Intervene usually takes in or between: intervene in a discussion.
express[/ÉĒkËspres/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: People may express their opinions online, but they should remain polite.
Syn: stateAnt: conceal
đĄ Exam tip: Expression is the noun form; expressive is the adjective form.
liberty[/ËlÉĒbÉrti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Example: Freedom of expression does not give anyone liberty to insult others.
Syn: freedomAnt: restriction
đĄ Exam tip: Liberty is a formal synonym of freedom.
showy[/ËĘÉĘi/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŽāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ; āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ
Example: Some users post showy pictures to attract attention.
Syn: ostentatiousAnt: modest
đĄ Exam tip: Showy behaviour is often criticized as lacking modesty.
cyberbullying[/ËsaÉĒbÉrËbĘliÉĒÅ/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ
Alt: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: Cyberbullying can seriously damage a young personâs mental health.
Syn: online harassmentAnt: online support
đĄ Exam tip: Use cyberbullying in essays about responsible Internet use.
responsible[/rÉĒËspÉnsÉbÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ˛
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
Example: A responsible user does not spread false news.
Syn: accountableAnt: irresponsible
đĄ Exam tip: Responsible is commonly followed by for: responsible for oneâs actions.
4. Food Trends and Nutrition (10 words)
junk food[/ËdĘĘÅk fuËd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°
Example: Frequent consumption of junk food may cause obesity.
Syn: unhealthy foodAnt: nutritious food
đĄ Exam tip: Junk food is high in salt, sugar or fat and low in nutritional value.
nutritional[/njuËËtrÉĒĘÉnÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤; āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Traditional meals often have high nutritional value.
Syn: nourishingAnt: non-nutritious
đĄ Exam tip: Nutritional value means the amount of useful nourishment in food.
processed[/ËprÉĘsest/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Processed foods often contain excessive salt and sugar.
Syn: manufacturedAnt: natural
đĄ Exam tip: Processed food is a common phrase in health-related passages.
obesity[/ÉĘËbiËsÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Obesity increases the risk of many chronic diseases.
Syn: excessive fatnessAnt: slimness
đĄ Exam tip: Obesity is a noun; obese is its adjective form.
cardiovascular[/ËkÉËdiÉĘËvÃĻskjÉlÉr/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻšā§āĻĻā§âāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: A balanced diet reduces cardiovascular risks.
Syn: cardiacAnt: non-cardiac
đĄ Exam tip: Cardiovascular disease relates to the heart and blood vessels.
addiction[/ÉËdÉĒkĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž
Example: Junk-food addiction may make people reject healthier choices.
Syn: dependenceAnt: self-control
đĄ Exam tip: Addiction is the noun of addicted; addiction to is the correct structure.
calorie[/ËkÃĻlÉri/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ°āĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ
Example: A large burger may contain many calories.
Syn: energy unitAnt: calorie-free
đĄ Exam tip: Calorie-rich means containing a large amount of energy.
consume[/kÉnËsjuËm/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: People should consume more fruits and vegetables.
Syn: eatAnt: avoid
đĄ Exam tip: Consumption is the noun form of consume.
negligible[/ËneÉĄlÉĒdĘÉbÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯; āĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻŽ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¨
Example: Some snacks have negligible nutritional value.
Syn: insignificantAnt: considerable
đĄ Exam tip: Negligible nutrient value means almost no useful nutrition.
nourishment[/ËnĘrÉĒĘmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻŖ
Example: Children need balanced food for proper nourishment.
Syn: nutritionAnt: malnutrition
đĄ Exam tip: Nourishment is related to nourish, meaning to provide food or support.
5. Fitness and Meditation (10 words)
fitness[/ËfÉĒtnÉs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž; āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Regular exercise is essential for physical fitness.
Syn: healthAnt: illness
đĄ Exam tip: Fitness may refer to physical, mental or general health.
aerobics[/eÉËrÉĘbÉĒks/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻžāĻŽ
Example: Aerobics can improve physical health and stamina.
Syn: cardio exerciseAnt: inactivity
đĄ Exam tip: Aerobics is generally treated as a plural-looking uncountable noun.
meditation[/ËmedÉĒËteÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¨
Example: Meditation helps people reduce stress and improve focus.
Syn: contemplationAnt: distraction
đĄ Exam tip: Meditation trains the mind in the same way fitness trains the body.
concentration[/ËkÉnsÉnËtreÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ; āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Concentration is necessary for academic success.
Syn: focusAnt: distraction
đĄ Exam tip: Concentration on is the common preposition pattern.
contemplate[/ËkÉntÉmpleÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: She likes to contemplate life in silence.
Syn: reflectAnt: ignore
đĄ Exam tip: Contemplation is the noun form of contemplate.
awareness[/ÉËweÉnÉs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ
Example: Meditation increases self-awareness.
Syn: consciousnessAnt: unawareness
đĄ Exam tip: Heightened awareness means an increased state of consciousness.
anxiety[/ÃĻÅËzaÉĒÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ; āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž
Example: Meditation can release anxiety and tension.
Syn: worryAnt: calmness
đĄ Exam tip: Anxiety is a common effect of stress; anxious is the adjective form.
relaxation[/ËriËlÃĻkËseÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž; āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Deep breathing promotes relaxation.
Syn: restAnt: tension
đĄ Exam tip: Progressive relaxation is a technique mentioned in the lesson.
tolerance[/ËtÉlÉrÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Meditation may improve creativity, self-awareness and tolerance.
Syn: patienceAnt: intolerance
đĄ Exam tip: Tolerance is frequently used in essays on social harmony.
stamina[/ËstÃĻmÉĒnÉ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Regular exercise increases stamina.
Syn: enduranceAnt: weakness
đĄ Exam tip: Stamina is often associated with physical activity and prolonged effort.
6. Spending and Consumerism (10 words)
spending[/ËspendÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§; āĻāĻ°āĻ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: Careful spending helps a family remain financially secure.
Syn: expenditureAnt: saving
đĄ Exam tip: Spending is a gerund from spend and functions as a noun.
compulsive[/kÉmËpĘlsÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ; āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻšā§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: Compulsive shopping may cause serious financial problems.
Syn: uncontrollableAnt: voluntary
đĄ Exam tip: Compulsive behaviour is repeated behaviour that is difficult to control.
overspend[/ËÉĘvÉËspend/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: People who overspend may fall into debt.
Syn: overconsumeAnt: economize
đĄ Exam tip: Overspending is the noun form; overspend is the verb.
financial ruin[/faÉĒËnÃĻnĘÉl ËruËÉĒn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻļ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Unnecessary purchases can lead to financial ruin.
Syn: bankruptcyAnt: financial stability
đĄ Exam tip: Use financial ruin in compositions about irresponsible spending.
tempt[/tempt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Glossy advertisements tempt consumers to buy unnecessary products.
Syn: attractAnt: discourage
đĄ Exam tip: Tempt is commonly followed by an object and to-infinitive: tempt people to buy.
persuade[/pÉËsweÉĒd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: Salespersons try to persuade customers to buy more.
Syn: convinceAnt: dissuade
đĄ Exam tip: Persuade someone to do something is the standard structure.
flatter[/ËflÃĻtÉr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¤ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The salesperson flattered the customer to increase the sale.
Syn: praise excessivelyAnt: criticize
đĄ Exam tip: Flattery may influence customers but does not prove a product is good.
advertisement[/ÉdËvÉËrtÉĒsmÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨
Alt: āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž
Example: Advertisements often create an artificial need for products.
Syn: commercialAnt: disclaimer
đĄ Exam tip: Advertisement is often shortened to ad in informal English.
debt[/det/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŖ; āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ
Example: Using credit cards carelessly can increase debt.
Syn: liabilityAnt: asset
đĄ Exam tip: In debt means owing money; debt trap means a cycle of increasing loans.
budget[/ËbĘdĘÉĒt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ; āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§āĻ° āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦ
Example: Every student should prepare a monthly budget.
Syn: financial planAnt: overspending
đĄ Exam tip: Within oneâs budget means without exceeding the planned amount.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Differentiate manners from etiquette: manners are general and universal, whereas etiquette consists of particular cultural rules.
âĸ For a passage on table manners, remember the key ideas: upright posture, waiting for everyone, asking politely, chewing quietly and excusing oneself.
âĸ Use the correct collocations: show gratitude, pay respect, express an opinion, suffer from obesity, fall into debt and maintain fitness.
âĸ In food-related answers, explain that junk food is nutritionally poor and usually high in calories, salt, sugar and fat.
âĸ Do not say that all fast food is junk food; a salad can be fast food but not junk food.
âĸ For meditation questions, mention stress reduction, concentration, emotional control, blood circulation, creativity and self-awareness.
âĸ In netiquette compositions, discuss respectful language, privacy, responsible posting, avoiding cyberbullying and checking information before sharing.
âĸ For spending essays, distinguish need from want and recommend budgeting, saving, avoiding unnecessary purchases and using credit cards carefully.
âĸ Use contrast markers in answers: however, whereas, although, on the other hand, in contrast and therefore.
âĸ Learn antonym pairs for MCQs and vocabulary questions: courtesyârudeness, acceptârefuse, naturalâprocessed, calmnessâanxiety, savingâspending and modestâshowy.