Chapter: Unit Eight: Human Rights
đ Vocabulary
ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim
â Most Important Exam Words
human rightsUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsfreedom of expressionfreedom of peaceful assemblyequality before the lawarbitrary arrestprotection against abuseviolation of privacyright to educationright to healthsocial protectionpolitical asylumethnic minoritychild labourstreet childdisadvantaged peoplenationalitydignitytolerancesuffrage
đ Word Formation Rules
âē human (adjective) + rights (noun) = human rights (āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°)
âē free (adjective) â freedom (noun): freedom of speech
âē equal (adjective) â equality (noun) â equally (adverb)
âē violate (verb) â violation (noun) â violative (adjective)
âē oppress (verb) â oppression (noun) â oppressive (adjective)
âē discriminate (verb) â discrimination (noun) â discriminatory (adjective)
âē protect (verb) â protection (noun) â protective (adjective)
âē educate (verb) â education (noun) â educational (adjective)
âē tolerate (verb) â tolerance (noun) â tolerant (adjective)
âē persecute (verb) â persecution (noun) â persecuted (adjective)
âē represent (verb) â representation (noun) â representative (noun/adjective)
âē compel (verb) â compulsory (adjective) â compulsion (noun)
1. Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (8 words)
human rights[/ËhjuËmÉn raÉĒts/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°; āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
Example: Every citizen should respect and protect human rights.
Syn: basic rightsAnt: oppression
đĄ Exam tip: Use this term in essays about equality, justice, and citizenship.
dignity[/ËdÉĒÉĄnÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž; āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Every human being deserves to live with dignity.
Syn: honourAnt: humiliation
đĄ Exam tip: Common phrase: human dignity.
liberty[/ËlÉĒbÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Example: The constitution guarantees liberty to all citizens.
Syn: freedomAnt: captivity
đĄ Exam tip: Liberty is often used with life and security.
freedom of speech[/ËfriËdÉm Év spiËtĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻā§âāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Example: Freedom of speech is essential in a democratic society.
Syn: freedom of expressionAnt: censorship
đĄ Exam tip: Distinguish freedom of speech from freedom of assembly.
conscience[/ËkÉnĘÉns/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: A clear conscience helps a person make ethical decisions.
Syn: moral senseAnt: unconsciousness
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is conscientious, meaning āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ .
equality[/ÉĒËkwÉlÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤āĻž; āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž
Example: Equality before the law is a fundamental human right.
Syn: parityAnt: inequality
đĄ Exam tip: Use equality with before the law and of opportunity.
discrimination[/dÉĒËskrÉĒmÉĒËneÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of race or religion.
Syn: prejudiceAnt: fairness
đĄ Exam tip: Common phrase: discrimination on the basis of.
violation[/ËvaÉĒÉËleÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻ¨; āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ¨, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Child labour is a serious violation of human rights.
Syn: breachAnt: observance
đĄ Exam tip: The verb form is violate.
2. Universal Declaration and Legal Terms (8 words)
declaration[/ËdeklÉËreÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž; āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ
Example: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations.
Syn: proclamationAnt: denial
đĄ Exam tip: Remember the abbreviation UDHR.
entitled[/ÉĒnËtaÉĒtÉld/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻ¤ āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Everyone is entitled to equal protection of the law.
Syn: eligibleAnt: ineligible
đĄ Exam tip: Use entitled to, not entitled for.
arbitrarily[/ËÉËbÉĒËtrerÉli/]advhard
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Alt: āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻļāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§
Example: No one should be arbitrarily deprived of nationality.
Syn: randomlyAnt: reasonably
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is arbitrary.
asylum[/ÉËsaÉĒlÉm/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧ
Example: The refugee sought asylum in a neighbouring country.
Syn: shelterAnt: expulsion
đĄ Exam tip: Seek asylum means āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž.
prosecution[/ËprÉsÉĒËkjuËĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž; āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The prosecution presented strong evidence against the accused.
Syn: legal actionAnt: acquittal
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse prosecution with persecution.
persecution[/ËpÉËsÉĒËkjuËĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°
Example: Many refugees flee their countries to escape persecution.
Syn: oppressionAnt: protection
đĄ Exam tip: Persecution leads people to seek asylum.
manifest[/ËmÃĻnÉĒfest/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: The effects of poverty are manifest in many communities.
Syn: obviousAnt: hidden
đĄ Exam tip: Manifest can also be used as a verb meaning āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž.
suffrage[/ËsĘfrÉĒdĘ/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Example: Universal suffrage strengthens democratic participation.
Syn: franchiseAnt: disenfranchisement
đĄ Exam tip: Womenâs suffrage means āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°.
3. Social Participation and Democratic Rights (8 words)
assembly[/ÉËsembli/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻŦā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: People have the right to peaceful assembly.
Syn: gatheringAnt: separation
đĄ Exam tip: Peaceful assembly is a phrase from the UDHR.
association[/ÉËsÉĘsiËeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻ; āĻ¸āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¨
Example: No one should be compelled to belong to an association.
Syn: organizationAnt: isolation
đĄ Exam tip: Freedom of association means āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž.
compelled[/kÉmËpeld/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: No citizen should be compelled to support an unjust policy.
Syn: forcedAnt: freed
đĄ Exam tip: Compel takes an object plus to-infinitive: compel someone to do.
representation[/ËreprÉĒzenËteÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Citizens choose representatives through elections.
Syn: delegationAnt: absence
đĄ Exam tip: Freely chosen representatives is a common expression.
authority[/ÉËËθÉrÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ; āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Example: The authority of government should be based on the will of the people.
Syn: powerAnt: powerlessness
đĄ Exam tip: Authority differs from author; learn the pronunciation carefully.
opinion[/ÉËpÉĒnjÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž
Example: Everyone has the right to hold an opinion without interference.
Syn: viewAnt: certainty
đĄ Exam tip: Useful phrase: in my opinion.
privacy[/ËprÉĒvÉsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž; āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ°
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Example: The law protects citizens against interference with their privacy.
Syn: seclusionAnt: exposure
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is private.
reputation[/ËrepjuËteÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ; āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž
Example: False accusations can damage a personâs reputation.
Syn: good nameAnt: disgrace
đĄ Exam tip: Common collocation: honour and reputation.
4. Health, Education and Social Welfare (8 words)
adequate[/ËÃĻdÉĒkwÉt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤; āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯āĻĨā§āĻˇā§āĻ
Example: Everyone deserves an adequate standard of living.
Syn: sufficientAnt: inadequate
đĄ Exam tip: Adequate for means āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤.
well-being[/Ëwel ËbiËÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž; āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŖ
Alt: āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Good education contributes to the well-being of children.
Syn: welfareAnt: illness
đĄ Exam tip: Often used with health and family.
compulsory[/kÉmËpĘlsÉri/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ
Example: Elementary education should be free and compulsory.
Syn: mandatoryAnt: optional
đĄ Exam tip: The noun is compulsion; the opposite is voluntary.
elementary[/ËelÉĒËmentÉri/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°-āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
Example: The declaration supports free elementary education.
Syn: basicAnt: advanced
đĄ Exam tip: Elementary education means āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž.
accessible[/ÉkËsesÉbl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ¯; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
Example: Higher education should be equally accessible to all qualified students.
Syn: availableAnt: inaccessible
đĄ Exam tip: Use accessible to, not accessible for, in most contexts.
tolerance[/ËtÉlÉrÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¤, āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Education should promote tolerance among different communities.
Syn: acceptanceAnt: intolerance
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is tolerant.
motherhood[/ËmĘðÉhĘd/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
Alt: āĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
Example: Motherhood is entitled to special care and assistance.
Syn: maternityAnt: childlessness
đĄ Exam tip: Maternity is often used in formal or medical contexts.
social protection[/ËsÉĘĘÉl prÉËtekĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Children need social protection to grow safely.
Syn: social securityAnt: social neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Use this phrase in paragraphs on poverty and child welfare.
5. Refugees, Disadvantaged People and Abuse (8 words)
refugee[/ËrefjĘËdĘiË/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
Example: The refugee lost many rights after leaving his homeland.
Syn: displaced personAnt: resident
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse refugee with migrant; refugees usually flee danger.
nationality[/ËnÃĻĘÉËnÃĻlÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ
Example: Everyone has the right to a nationality.
Syn: citizenshipAnt: statelessness
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is national; the opposite condition is statelessness.
deprive[/dÉĒËpraÉĒv/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Poverty should not deprive children of education.
Syn: stripAnt: provide
đĄ Exam tip: Correct structure: deprive someone of something.
abuse[/ÉËbjuËs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨; āĻ
āĻĒāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ
Example: Children must be protected against physical and emotional abuse.
Syn: mistreatmentAnt: care
đĄ Exam tip: As a verb, abuse is pronounced /ÉËbjuËz/.
disadvantaged[/ËdÉĒsÉdËvÉËntÉĒdĘd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤; āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: The government should support disadvantaged children.
Syn: underprivilegedAnt: privileged
đĄ Exam tip: Use disadvantaged groups in social-issue essays.
ethnic minority[/ËeθnÉĒk maÉĒËnÉrÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§
Example: Ethnic minorities deserve equal rights and opportunities.
Syn: minority communityAnt: majority group
đĄ Exam tip: Mention cultural identity when explaining minority rights.
oppression[/ÉËpreĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨; āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻĒāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: Human rights movements often rise against oppression.
Syn: tyrannyAnt: freedom
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is oppress and the adjective is oppressive.
persecution[/ËpÉËsÉĒËkjuËĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°
Example: The family escaped persecution because of their political beliefs.
Syn: harassmentAnt: safety
đĄ Exam tip: Use it with escape from, suffer, or flee.
6. Amerigo and Street Children (8 words)
street child[/striËt tĘaÉĒld/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻĨāĻļāĻŋāĻļā§
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: A street child often lacks shelter, education, and family support.
Syn: homeless childAnt: sheltered child
đĄ Exam tip: Use this term respectfully instead of insulting labels.
separated[/ËsepÉreÉĒtÉĒd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž; āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Amerigoâs separated mother did not take responsibility for him.
Syn: detachedAnt: united
đĄ Exam tip: Separated from is the usual preposition.
vendor[/ËvendÉ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: Amerigo sold collected waste to a vendor.
Syn: sellerAnt: buyer
đĄ Exam tip: Street vendor means āĻĒāĻĨā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž.
infection[/ÉĒnËfekĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Amerigo stopped collecting trash after suffering from a serious infection.
Syn: contaminationAnt: health
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is infect; the adjective is infectious.
sort[/sÉËt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Many children sort rubbish in dangerous dumps.
Syn: classifyAnt: mix
đĄ Exam tip: Sort rubbish means āĻāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž.
dump[/dĘmp/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻž
Example: Working at a dump exposes children to serious diseases.
Syn: waste siteAnt: clean area
đĄ Exam tip: Garbage dump and rubbish dump are common compounds.
in return[/ÉĒn rÉĒËtÉËn/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻĻāĻ˛ā§
Example: The shop owner gave Amerigo food in return for his labour.
Syn: in exchangeAnt: without compensation
đĄ Exam tip: Use in return for + noun or gerund.
suffer[/ËsĘfÉ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž; āĻā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž, āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: Street children suffer from hunger, illness, and insecurity.
Syn: endureAnt: enjoy
đĄ Exam tip: Suffer from is used before a disease or problem.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ In an essay on human rights, define the topic first and then discuss examples, causes, effects, and solutions.
âĸ Use formal connectors such as moreover, however, therefore, consequently, and in addition.
âĸ Remember the structure: deprive someone of something.
âĸ Remember the structure: be entitled to something.
âĸ Use freedom of expression for the right to express opinions and freedom of assembly for the right to gather peacefully.
âĸ Distinguish persecution, meaning āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨, from prosecution, meaning āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž.
âĸ For a paragraph on Amerigo, mention his family rejection, street life, dangerous jobs, poverty, and desire for a safe home.
âĸ When describing a chart, begin with the highest and lowest figures, compare regions, and finish with an overall observation.
âĸ For indirect speech, change present forms into past forms when the reporting verb is in the past, and adjust pronouns and time expressions.
âĸ Use child labour as a major example of human rights violation in answers related to the chart.
âĸ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains 30 articles adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.
âĸ Support opinions with because, for example, and as a result to make examination answers coherent.