Chapter: Unit Eleven: Tours and Travels
đ Vocabulary
ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim
â Most Important Exam Words
scarcetranquilremoteintricatepermanentremonstrateanticipationphosphorescentsampanquayglamorousparchedcrimsoncolonizerecotourismendangeredbiodiversityconservationsustainablehabitatdegradationunregulatedcontaminationdisplacementerosionindiscriminateempowermentadversepristinebooming
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Add -ness to an adjective to form an abstract noun: lovely â loveliness; tranquil â tranquilness.
âē Add -ion or -ation to a verb to form a noun: conserve â conservation; contaminate â contamination; anticipate â anticipation.
âē Add -ment to a verb to form a noun: empower â empowerment; displace â displacement.
âē Use prefixes un-, im-, and in- to form opposites: regulated â unregulated; impoverished â enriched; discriminate â indiscriminate.
âē Add -ed to a verb to form a past participle or adjective: flood â flooded; impoverish â impoverished; parched is the past participle of parch.
âē Add -ity to form an abstract noun: diverse â diversity; biodiversity combines bio + diversity.
âē Use -er to form a person noun: colonize â colonizer; travel â traveller.
âē Use adjective-forming suffixes: danger â dangerous; fame â famous; culture â cultural; sustain â sustainable.
1. Lesson 1: Travelling to a Village in Bangladesh â Journey and Landscape (8 words)
scarce[/skeÉs/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¯; āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛
Alt: āĻāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: Food was scarce in the remote village.
Syn: rare, insufficientAnt: abundant, plentiful
đĄ Exam tip: Often used with food, water, or resources.
tranquil[/ËtrÃĻÅkwÉĒl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤
Example: We enjoyed a tranquil boat journey at dawn.
Syn: calm, peacefulAnt: disturbed, noisy
đĄ Exam tip: Use tranquil to describe a place, journey, or atmosphere.
loveliness[/ËlĘvlinÉs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯
Example: The traveller admired the shadowy loveliness of the countryside.
Syn: beauty, charmAnt: ugliness, hideousness
đĄ Exam tip: The suffix -ness forms an abstract noun from lovely.
cottage[/ËkÉtÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ°; āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžā§āĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻš
Example: A few cottages stood among the bushes.
Syn: hut, cabinAnt: mansion, palace
đĄ Exam tip: A cottage is generally associated with the countryside.
landing-ghat[/ËlÃĻndÉĒÅ ÉĄÉËt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž āĻā§ā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
Example: We got off the boat at the landing-ghat.
Syn: jetty, pierAnt: departure point
đĄ Exam tip: Ghat means a landing place beside a river or canal.
flooded[/ËflĘdÉĒd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĄā§āĻŦā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: The flooded paddy fields reflected the moonlight.
Syn: submerged, inundatedAnt: dry, drained
đĄ Exam tip: Flooded is the past participle of flood and may work as an adjective.
clump[/klĘmp/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻā§āĻ; āĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻ˛
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ āĻĻāĻ˛
Example: They rested under a clump of bamboo.
Syn: cluster, groupAnt: scattering, separation
đĄ Exam tip: A clump is a compact group of trees, bushes, or plants.
glow[/ÉĄlÉĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§; āĻāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The red glow of a cooking fire appeared in the distance.
Syn: radiance, shineAnt: darkness, gloom
đĄ Exam tip: Glow can be both a noun and a verb.
2. Lesson 1: Village Life â Reception and Reactions (8 words)
rally[/ËrÃĻli/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžā§āĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: The villagers rallied to welcome the unexpected guest.
Syn: assemble, mobilizeAnt: scatter, disperse
đĄ Exam tip: Rally to the crisis means respond actively to an emergency.
celebrity[/sÉËlebrÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The visitor became a celebrity in the village.
Syn: star, personalityAnt: unknown, nobody
đĄ Exam tip: Celebrity may mean fame as well as a famous person in some contexts.
permanent[/ËpÉËmÉnÉnt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§; āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§ āĻ¨ā§
Example: He made a permanent shelter near the pond.
Syn: lasting, enduringAnt: temporary, transient
đĄ Exam tip: Remember the noun permanence and adverb permanently.
remote[/rÉĒËmÉĘt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: The village was too remote for a district commissioner to visit.
Syn: distant, isolatedAnt: near, accessible
đĄ Exam tip: Remote can also mean controlled from a distance.
intricate[/ËÉĒntrÉĒkÉt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛; āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻāĻļāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Fireflies made intricate patterns in the darkness.
Syn: complex, complicatedAnt: simple, plain
đĄ Exam tip: Use intricate for designs, patterns, systems, or details.
remonstrate[/ËremÉnstreÉĒt/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§; āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Khorshed remonstrated when the children followed the visitor.
Syn: protest, complainAnt: agree, approve
đĄ Exam tip: Remonstrate is followed by with or against in formal English.
stare[/steÉ(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻšāĻ˛āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: The villagers stared at the unfamiliar visitor.
Syn: gaze, look fixedlyAnt: glance, ignore
đĄ Exam tip: Stare at someone; do not usually say stare someone.
remonstration[/ËremÉnËstreÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ
Example: His remonstration failed to stop the curious children.
Syn: objection, protestAnt: acceptance, approval
đĄ Exam tip: This noun is formed from remonstrate with -ion.
3. Lesson 1: Important Phrases and Expressions (8 words)
look forward to[/lĘk ËfÉËwÉd tuË/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: I look forward to visiting the village again.
Syn: anticipate, expect eagerlyAnt: dread, avoid
đĄ Exam tip: Look forward to is followed by a noun or gerund.
know no more[/nÉĘ nÉĘ mÉË(r)/]phrasemedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŽā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: I fell asleep and knew no more until morning.
Syn: lose consciousness, fall asleepAnt: remain awake, be conscious
đĄ Exam tip: It is a literary expression meaning that one became unaware of events.
blaze of sunlight[/bleÉĒz Év ËsĘnlaÉĒt/]phrasemedium
Meaning: āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻ˛ā§ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ
Example: We arrived in a blaze of sunlight.
Syn: bright sunshine, dazzling lightAnt: darkness, dimness
đĄ Exam tip: Blaze means a very bright or intense light.
tired of being looked at[/ËtaÉĒÉd Év ËbiËÉĒÅ lĘkt ÃĻt/]phrasemedium
Meaning: āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: The performer became tired of being looked at by the crowd.
Syn: weary of attention, annoyed by staringAnt: enjoying attention, welcoming notice
đĄ Exam tip: Being looked at is a passive gerund phrase.
hold court[/hÉĘld kÉËt/]phrasehard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻšā§ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž
Example: The guest held court under the shade of a tree.
Syn: entertain visitors, be the centre of attentionAnt: remain unnoticed, withdraw
đĄ Exam tip: The expression is figurative, not related only to a legal court.
not uncomfortably crowded[/nÉt ĘnËkĘmfÉtÉbli ËkraĘdÉĒd/]phrasehard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋā§ āĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻāĻŋā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Example: The train was not uncomfortably crowded.
Syn: moderately busy, reasonably spaciousAnt: densely packed, overcrowded
đĄ Exam tip: This is an example of understatement through a negative expression.
set up camp[/set Ęp kÃĻmp/]phraseeasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: We set up camp beside the forest.
Syn: establish a camp, settleAnt: break camp, leave
đĄ Exam tip: Set up is a separable phrasal verb.
on the way[/Én Ã°É weÉĒ/]phraseeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻĨā§; āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨā§
Alt: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§
Example: His letter was still on the way when I arrived.
Syn: in transit, en routeAnt: at the destination, stationary
đĄ Exam tip: En route is the formal synonym of on the way.
4. Lesson 2: Arriving in the Orient â Sea and Travel (8 words)
set sail[/set seÉĒl/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: Elizabeth set sail for India immediately.
Syn: depart, embarkAnt: dock, arrive
đĄ Exam tip: Set sail is a common travel collocation.
plough[/plaĘ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ
āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ° āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: The ship ploughed across the Mediterranean.
Syn: cut through, travelAnt: stop, retreat
đĄ Exam tip: Plough is also spelled plow in American English.
phosphorescent[/ËfÉsfÉËresÉnt/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§
Alt: āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻļā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: The phosphorescent water looked like green fire.
Syn: luminous, glowingAnt: dark, unlit
đĄ Exam tip: Use this adjective for substances that glow without visible flame.
skim[/skÉĒm/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻ˛āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§; āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻž
Example: Flying fish skimmed over the waves.
Syn: glide, brushAnt: sink, plunge
đĄ Exam tip: Skim over can mean move lightly across a surface or read quickly.
anticipation[/ÃĻnËtÉĒsÉĒËpeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻž; āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž
Example: She waited in anticipation of seeing India.
Syn: expectation, eagernessAnt: doubt, indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Anticipation is commonly followed by of plus a noun or gerund.
sampan[/ËsÃĻmpÃĻn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻļā§ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤
Example: The passengers entered a sampan at Colombo.
Syn: boat, small vesselAnt: ship, liner
đĄ Exam tip: A sampan is a culture-specific vocabulary item from the passage.
quay[/kiË/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ āĻā§ā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ°
Example: The boat moved towards the sun-bright quay.
Syn: wharf, harbourAnt: open sea, inland
đĄ Exam tip: Quay is pronounced like key.
lukewarm[/ËluËkËwÉËm/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻš
Example: They bathed in a lukewarm sea.
Syn: tepid, mildAnt: hot, icy
đĄ Exam tip: Lukewarm has both a literal temperature meaning and a figurative attitude meaning.
5. Lesson 2: Landscape, People and Colonial Attitudes (8 words)
glamorous[/ËÉĄlÃĻmÉrÉs/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŽāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ; āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§ā§
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ
Example: Elizabeth imagined a glamorous life in India.
Syn: attractive, splendidAnt: ordinary, dull
đĄ Exam tip: Glamorous is often used for lifestyles, places, or people.
reverently[/ËrevÉrÉntli/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§
Example: The attendants bowed reverently before the guests.
Syn: respectfully, devoutlyAnt: disrespectfully, rudely
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is reverent and the noun is reverence.
delicate[/ËdelÉĒkÉt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŽāĻ˛; āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŽ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨; āĻ¸āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛
Example: Her aunt had delicate hands.
Syn: fine, fragileAnt: strong, coarse
đĄ Exam tip: Delicate may describe physical objects, people, matters, or flavours.
parched[/pÉËtĘt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻˇā§āĻ; āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤
Example: The train crossed a vast, parched plain.
Syn: arid, dried-upAnt: moist, wet
đĄ Exam tip: Parched land means extremely dry land.
crimson[/ËkrÉĒmzÉn/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžā§ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛
Alt: āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Example: Piles of drying chillies gleamed crimson in the sun.
Syn: deep red, scarletAnt: pale, colourless
đĄ Exam tip: Crimson is a colour adjective frequently tested in comprehension.
supine[/ËsuËpaÉĒn/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻāĻŋā§ āĻšā§ā§ āĻļā§ā§āĻž
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: The pagoda resembled the breast of a supine giantess.
Syn: lying face upward, inactiveAnt: upright, active
đĄ Exam tip: In the passage, supine is used in a visual comparison.
hideous[/ËhÉĒdiÉs/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻā§ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤; āĻā§āĻāĻāĻ°
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋā§
Example: The unfamiliar figures seemed hideous in the darkness.
Syn: ugly, horribleAnt: beautiful, attractive
đĄ Exam tip: Hideous is a strong negative adjective.
colonizer[/ËkÉlÉnaÉĒzÉ(r)/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The text reveals the dismissive attitude of a colonizer.
Syn: imperialist, occupierAnt: colonized, native
đĄ Exam tip: Use colonizer and colonized to discuss colonial history and power.
6. Lesson 3: Ecotourism â Environment and Conservation (8 words)
ecotourism[/ËiËkÉĘËtĘÉrÉĒzÉm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ
Example: Ecotourism can support conservation and local communities.
Syn: nature tourism, responsible tourismAnt: mass tourism, destructive tourism
đĄ Exam tip: Define it as low-impact travel to natural areas with conservation benefits.
endangered[/ÉĒnËdeÉĒndĘÉd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
Example: The park protects several endangered species.
Syn: threatened, at riskAnt: safe, secure
đĄ Exam tip: Endangered species is a highly important environmental collocation.
biodiversity[/ËbaÉĒÉĘdaÉĒËvÉËsÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§ āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯
Example: The island is famous for its rich biodiversity.
Syn: biological diversity, variety of lifeAnt: uniformity, monoculture
đĄ Exam tip: Bio means life and diversity means variety.
conservation[/ËkÉnsÉËveÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
Example: Tourism should provide direct financial aid for conservation.
Syn: protection, preservationAnt: destruction, wastage
đĄ Exam tip: Conservation is the noun; conserve is the verb.
impoverished[/ÉĒmËpÉvÉrÉĒĘt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°; āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Ecotourism may help economically impoverished communities.
Syn: poor, deprivedAnt: wealthy, prosperous
đĄ Exam tip: The prefix im- gives the word a negative meaning.
sustainable[/sÉËsteÉĒnÉbÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻ¸āĻ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŽā§ā§āĻžāĻĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: We need sustainable tourism policies.
Syn: viable, eco-friendlyAnt: unsustainable, wasteful
đĄ Exam tip: Sustainable development is a common composition topic.
habitat[/ËhÃĻbÉĒtÃĻt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ˛
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
Example: Tourists must not damage the habitat of wild animals.
Syn: natural home, environmentAnt: artificial setting, exile
đĄ Exam tip: Habitat is countable: a habitat, several habitats.
degradation[/ËdeÉĄrÉËdeÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻā§āĻˇā§; āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§
Example: Unregulated tourism causes habitat degradation.
Syn: deterioration, declineAnt: improvement, restoration
đĄ Exam tip: Degrade is the verb and degraded is the adjective.
7. Lesson 3: Ecotourism â Threats, Management and Society (8 words)
unregulated[/ËĘnËreÉĄjÉleÉĒtÉĒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžā§āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Unregulated tourism threatens the island ecosystem.
Syn: uncontrolled, unsupervisedAnt: regulated, controlled
đĄ Exam tip: The prefix un- means not; regulate means control by rules.
contamination[/kÉnËtÃĻmÉĒËneÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ
āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž
Example: The island suffers from contamination of its water.
Syn: pollution, impurityAnt: purification, cleanliness
đĄ Exam tip: Contaminate is the verb; contaminated is the adjective.
displacement[/dÉĒsËpleÉĒsmÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ; āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ˛ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Wildlife displacement is a serious consequence of construction.
Syn: removal, relocationAnt: settlement, stability
đĄ Exam tip: Displace means force something or someone out of its usual place.
erosion[/ÉĒËrÉĘĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇā§
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: The island is facing increasing coastal erosion.
Syn: wearing away, soil lossAnt: deposition, building up
đĄ Exam tip: Coastal erosion is a frequent environmental issue in Bangladesh.
indiscriminate[/ËÉĒndÉĒËskrÉĒmÉĒnÉt/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻšā§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Indiscriminate exploitation of coral harms marine life.
Syn: random, unselectiveAnt: selective, careful
đĄ Exam tip: Indiscriminate often appears with killing, use, or exploitation.
empowerment[/ÉĒmËpaĘÉmÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžā§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨
Example: Ecotourism should ensure the empowerment of local people.
Syn: enablement, strengtheningAnt: disempowerment, oppression
đĄ Exam tip: Empower is the verb; empowerment is the abstract noun.
adverse[/ËÃĻdvÉËs/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĒ; āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ°
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛
Example: We must remain cautious about the adverse effects of tourism.
Syn: harmful, unfavourableAnt: beneficial, favourable
đĄ Exam tip: Adverse effects means negative effects; do not confuse with averse.
pristine[/ËprÉĒstiËn/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Visitors should protect pristine natural areas.
Syn: untouched, unspoiledAnt: polluted, damaged
đĄ Exam tip: Pristine is frequently used to describe forests, beaches, and ecosystems.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ For True/False questions, compare every detail with the passage, especially time, place, reason, and quantity.
âĸ Learn collocations: scarce food, tranquil journey, remote village, flooded fields, set sail, phosphorescent water, endangered species, habitat degradation.
âĸ In synonym questions, choose a word that fits both the meaning and the grammatical category.
âĸ In antonym questions, identify whether the given word is a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb before choosing the opposite.
âĸ Remember phrase patterns: look forward to + noun or gerund, tired of + noun or gerund, and provide aid for + noun.
âĸ The ecotourism definition should include low-impact travel, education, conservation, and benefits for local communities.
âĸ For paragraph and email writing, organize ideas in sequence: destination, purpose, journey, feelings, special moment, and conclusion.
âĸ Mention both benefits and criticisms of ecotourism: conservation and local income on one side, pollution, habitat damage, displacement, and overdependence on tourism on the other.
âĸ Use linking words in answers: however, therefore, although, because, moreover, and consequently.
âĸ In comparison questions, quote or paraphrase the exact image from the text, such as the sea foaming like Coca-Cola or fireflies weaving intricate dances.