ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim - Unit Five: Relationships - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Unit Five: Relationships

📚 Vocabulary

ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

socialcompanionshipfamilialintimateaffectionlonelinessisolationpossessiveausterechroniclaborsacrificeregretfulorphanagesubtropicslandscapetreacherouslyundersizedrhythmicintegrityaccuratelyresponsibilitysubterfugecourtesythoughtfulnessaffectionategratituderesentmenthomesicknostalgicimpelledcommunionecstasyadequateduplicatepredicatedbetrayedpersistentmutilatedvermilioninstinctive

📃 Word Formation Rules

► social → socially: add -ly to form an adverb.

► companion → companionship: add -ship to form a noun expressing a relationship or state.

► family → familial: change the noun into an adjective meaning family-related.

► affection → affectionate: add -ate to form an adjective.

► lonely → loneliness: replace -y with -i and add -ness to form a noun.

► isolate → isolation: add -ion to form a noun of action or condition.

► sacrifice → sacrificial: add -ial to form an adjective.

► regret → regretful: add -ful to form an adjective.

► orphan → orphanage: add -age to form the name of a place or institution.

► integrity → integral: related adjective forms may change spelling and meaning.

► responsible → responsibility: change -ible to -ibility to form a noun.

► thoughtful → thoughtfulness: add -ness to form an abstract noun.

► gratitude → grateful: use the related adjective to describe a thankful person.

► instinct → instinctive: add -ive to form an adjective.

1. Family Relationship and Human Bonding (8 words)

social[/ˈsəʊʃəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: সামাজিক

Alt: সমাজের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত

Example: Human beings are social animals.

Syn: communalAnt: antisocial

💡 Exam tip: Social means related to society or interaction among people.

companionship[/kəmˈpænjənʃɪp/]nounmedium

Meaning: সঙ্গ

Alt: সাথিত্ব বা বন্ধুত্বপূর্ণ সহচর্য

Example: Friendship provides companionship in difficult times.

Syn: fellowshipAnt: isolation

💡 Exam tip: Remember the suffix -ship, which often forms nouns showing a state or relationship.

familial[/fəˈmɪliəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: পারিবারিক

Alt: পরিবার-সম্পর্কিত

Example: Familial love gives people emotional strength.

Syn: family-relatedAnt: unrelated

💡 Exam tip: Familial is the adjective form of family.

intimate[/ˈɪntɪmət/]adjmedium

Meaning: ঘনিষ্ঠ

Alt: অন্তরঙ্গ বা ব্যক্তিগত

Example: She has an intimate relationship with her sister.

Syn: closeAnt: distant

💡 Exam tip: As a noun, intimate means a very close friend; as an adjective, it means close or private.

affection[/əˈfekʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: স্নেহ

Alt: ভালোবাসা বা অনুরাগ

Example: Children need affection from their parents.

Syn: loveAnt: hatred

💡 Exam tip: Affection is an uncountable noun in most exam sentences.

loneliness[/ˈləʊnlinəs/]nouneasy

Meaning: একাকিত্ব

Alt: সঙ্গীহীনতার কষ্ট

Example: Loneliness can damage a person's emotional health.

Syn: solitudeAnt: companionship

💡 Exam tip: Loneliness is a feeling, while solitude may simply mean being alone.

isolation[/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিচ্ছিন্নতা

Alt: অন্যদের থেকে আলাদা থাকা

Example: The writer wanted quiet and isolation.

Syn: separationAnt: contact

💡 Exam tip: Isolation often has a negative sense in passages about human relationships.

possessive[/pəˈzesɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: অধিকারপরায়ণ

Alt: অতিরিক্ত নিজের করে রাখতে চায় এমন

Example: A possessive person may damage a healthy relationship.

Syn: controllingAnt: generous

💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse possessive with positive; possessive describes excessive control.

2. Those Winter Sundays: Love, Duty and Regret (8 words)

austere[/ɒˈstɪə(r)/]adjhard

Meaning: কঠোর ও সংযমী

Alt: আড়ম্বরহীন বা কঠিন

Example: The poem describes love's austere and lonely offices.

Syn: severeAnt: luxurious

💡 Exam tip: In the poem, austere love means love expressed through hard duty rather than words.

chronic[/ˈkrɒnɪk/]adjmedium

Meaning: দীর্ঘস্থায়ী

Alt: দীর্ঘকাল ধরে চলমান

Example: He suffered from chronic pain after years of labor.

Syn: persistentAnt: temporary

💡 Exam tip: Chronic commonly modifies illness, pain, shortage, or problem.

labor[/ˈleɪbə(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: শ্রম

Alt: কঠোর শারীরিক পরিশ্রম

Example: His hands were cracked from labor.

Syn: workAnt: rest

💡 Exam tip: Labor can also mean childbirth depending on context.

banked[/bæŋkt/]adjhard

Meaning: ঢেকে রাখা

Alt: আগুনকে জ্বালিয়ে রাখার জন্য ছাই বা জ্বালানি দিয়ে ঘেরা

Example: He made the banked fires blaze before dawn.

Syn: coveredAnt: exposed

💡 Exam tip: In this poem, banked modifies fires, not banks or money.

indifferently[/ɪnˈdɪfrəntli/]advmedium

Meaning: উদাসীনভাবে

Alt: অনাগ্রহের সঙ্গে

Example: The child spoke indifferently to his hardworking father.

Syn: 冷漠ভাবেAnt: warmly

💡 Exam tip: The adjective is indifferent; the adverb is indifferently.

splintering[/ˈsplɪntərɪŋ/]verbhard

Meaning: চূর্ণ-বিচূর্ণ হওয়া

Alt: ফাটল ধরে টুকরো টুকরো হওয়া

Example: The speaker heard the cold splintering and breaking.

Syn: shatteringAnt: joining

💡 Exam tip: Splinter means to break into small sharp pieces.

sacrifice[/ˈsækrɪfaɪs/]nounmedium

Meaning: ত্যাগ

Alt: অন্যের কল্যাণে নিজের সুবিধা ছেড়ে দেওয়া

Example: Parents often make sacrifices for their children.

Syn: self-denialAnt: selfishness

💡 Exam tip: Sacrifice is both a noun and a verb; stress changes in pronunciation between some forms.

regretful[/rɪˈɡretfəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: অনুতপ্ত

Alt: কৃতকর্মের জন্য দুঃখিত

Example: The adult speaker feels regretful about ignoring his father's love.

Syn: sorryAnt: unrepentant

💡 Exam tip: Regretful is formed from regret plus -ful.

3. A Mother in Mannville: Setting and Narrative (8 words)

orphanage[/ˈɔːfənɪdʒ/]nouneasy

Meaning: অনাথাশ্রম

Alt: অনাথ শিশুদের আবাসিক প্রতিষ্ঠান

Example: Jerry had lived in the orphanage since he was four.

Syn: children's homeAnt: family home

💡 Exam tip: An orphanage is a place, while an orphan is a child without parental care.

subtropics[/ˌsʌbˈtrɒpɪks/]nounhard

Meaning: উপক্রান্তীয় অঞ্চল

Alt: ক্রান্তীয় ও নাতিশীতোষ্ণ অঞ্চলের মধ্যবর্তী এলাকা

Example: The narrator wanted mountain air after living in the subtropics.

Syn: subtropical regionAnt: polar region

💡 Exam tip: Sub- means below or near; subtropics lie near the tropics.

isolation[/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: নির্জনতা

Alt: লোকালয় বা সঙ্গ থেকে দূরে থাকা

Example: The narrator chose the cabin for its isolation.

Syn: seclusionAnt: society

💡 Exam tip: In the story, isolation is connected with the narrator's desire to write peacefully.

malaria[/məˈleəriə/]nouneasy

Meaning: ম্যালেরিয়া

Alt: মশাবাহিত সংক্রামক রোগ

Example: She wanted fresh air to drive out the malaria.

Syn: mosquito-borne diseaseAnt: health

💡 Exam tip: Malaria is transmitted by infected mosquitoes.

landscape[/ˈlændskeɪp/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রাকৃতিক দৃশ্য

Alt: কোনো এলাকার ভূমি ও প্রকৃতির সামগ্রিক দৃশ্য

Example: The mountain landscape creates the story's peaceful setting.

Syn: sceneryAnt: indoors

💡 Exam tip: Landscape is a useful setting-related word in literary answers.

cabin[/ˈkæbɪn/]nouneasy

Meaning: কুটির

Alt: ছোট, সাধারণ ঘর

Example: The narrator lived in a cabin near the orphanage farm.

Syn: hutAnt: mansion

💡 Exam tip: Cabin, cottage, hut, and shed are related but not always interchangeable.

laurel[/ˈlɒrəl/]nounhard

Meaning: লরেল গাছ বা ঝোপ

Alt: সুগন্ধি পাতা-যুক্ত একটি ঝোপজাতীয় উদ্ভিদ

Example: Jerry and Pat ran through the laurel.

Syn: shrubAnt: 草地

💡 Exam tip: Laurel is a plant word used to describe the natural setting.

treacherously[/ˈtretʃərəsli/]advhard

Meaning: বিপজ্জনকভাবে

Alt: বিশ্বাসঘাতক বা অনিরাপদভাবে

Example: Fog filled the mountain passes treacherously.

Syn: dangerouslyAnt: safely

💡 Exam tip: Treacherous roads are dangerous and difficult to travel on.

4. Jerry's Character and Work (8 words)

undersized[/ˌʌndəˈsaɪzd/]adjmedium

Meaning: বয়সের তুলনায় ছোট

Alt: স্বাভাবিক আকারের চেয়ে ছোট

Example: Jerry was an undersized boy of about twelve.

Syn: smallAnt: oversized

💡 Exam tip: The prefix under- means less than normal.

rhythmic[/ˈrɪðmɪk/]adjmedium

Meaning: ছন্দময়

Alt: নিয়মিত তালযুক্ত

Example: The rhythmic blows of the axe soon became familiar.

Syn: regularAnt: irregular

💡 Exam tip: Rhythmic describes repeated movement or sound with a regular pattern.

integrity[/ɪnˈteɡrəti/]nounhard

Meaning: সততা ও নৈতিক দৃঢ়তা

Alt: সৎ চরিত্র ও নীতিনিষ্ঠা

Example: Jerry showed integrity by accepting responsibility for the broken axe.

Syn: honestyAnt: dishonesty

💡 Exam tip: Integrity is a high-value character word for paragraph and comprehension answers.

accurately[/ˈækjərətli/]adveasy

Meaning: নির্ভুলভাবে

Alt: সঠিকভাবে

Example: Jerry tried to bring the axe down accurately.

Syn: preciselyAnt: inaccurately

💡 Exam tip: Accurate is the adjective; accurately is the adverb.

responsibility[/rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/]nounmedium

Meaning: দায়িত্ব

Alt: কাজ বা ভুলের জন্য জবাবদিহি

Example: Jerry accepted responsibility for his careless action.

Syn: accountabilityAnt: irresponsibility

💡 Exam tip: Accept responsibility is a common collocation.

subterfuge[/ˈsʌbtəfjuːdʒ/]nounhard

Meaning: ছলনা

Alt: সত্য গোপন করার কৌশল বা প্রতারণা

Example: Jerry accepted his mistake without subterfuge.

Syn: deceptionAnt: frankness

💡 Exam tip: Subterfuge is a formal noun meaning a deceptive plan or excuse.

courtesy[/ˈkɜːtəsi/]nounmedium

Meaning: সৌজন্য

Alt: ভদ্রতা ও সম্মান প্রদর্শন

Example: Jerry's courtesy was instinctive rather than learned.

Syn: politenessAnt: rudeness

💡 Exam tip: Courtesy can mean both polite behavior and a respectful act.

thoughtfulness[/ˈθɔːtfəlnəs/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরম যত্নশীলতা

Alt: অন্যের সুবিধা ও অনুভূতির প্রতি মনোযোগ

Example: Jerry showed thoughtfulness by preparing dry wood.

Syn: considerationAnt: inconsideration

💡 Exam tip: Thoughtfulness is formed from thoughtful plus -ness.

5. Emotions, Relationships and Actions (8 words)

affectionate[/əˈfekʃənət/]adjeasy

Meaning: স্নেহশীল

Alt: ভালোবাসা প্রকাশ করে এমন

Example: Jerry needed an affectionate mother figure.

Syn: lovingAnt: 冷酷

💡 Exam tip: Affectionate is the adjective form of affection.

gratitude[/ˈɡrætɪtjuːd/]nounmedium

Meaning: কৃতজ্ঞতা

Alt: উপকারের জন্য ধন্যবাদবোধ

Example: Gratitude appeared in Jerry's clear eyes.

Syn: thankfulnessAnt: ingratitude

💡 Exam tip: Express gratitude means show thankfulness.

resentment[/rɪˈzentmənt/]nounhard

Meaning: ক্ষোভ

Alt: অন্যায় বা কষ্টের জন্য দীর্ঘস্থায়ী রাগ

Example: The narrator felt resentment toward Jerry's mother.

Syn: indignationAnt: forgiveness

💡 Exam tip: Resentment is stronger and longer-lasting than ordinary anger.

homesick[/ˈhəʊmsɪk/]adjeasy

Meaning: বাড়ির জন্য মনকেমন করা

Alt: নিজের বাড়ি বা দেশের জন্য বিষণ্ণ

Example: The narrator was homesick for autumn in the mountains.

Syn: nostalgicAnt: content

💡 Exam tip: Homesick is an adjective, not a noun; say feel homesick.

nostalgic[/nɒˈstældʒɪk/]adjhard

Meaning: স্মৃতিকাতর

Alt: অতীতের কথা মনে করে আবেগাপ্লুত

Example: The poem has a nostalgic feeling about childhood.

Syn: reminiscentAnt: forgetful

💡 Exam tip: Nostalgic commonly takes the preposition for: nostalgic for childhood.

impelled[/ɪmˈpeld/]verbhard

Meaning: প্ররোচিত হওয়া

Alt: কোনো শক্তিশালী অনুভূতিতে কিছু করতে বাধ্য হওয়া

Example: Jerry was impelled to speak about his mother.

Syn: compelledAnt: discouraged

💡 Exam tip: Be impelled to do something means be strongly driven to do it.

communion[/kəˈmjuːniən/]nounhard

Meaning: আত্মিক সংযোগ

Alt: গভীর বোঝাপড়া বা ঘনিষ্ঠ সম্পর্ক

Example: There was a strange communion between Jerry and the dog.

Syn: connectionAnt: disconnection

💡 Exam tip: Communion in this story means a deep bond, not merely conversation.

ecstasy[/ˈekstəsi/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরম আনন্দ

Alt: অত্যন্ত উচ্ছ্বাস বা আনন্দের অবস্থা

Example: The boy and the dog ran with common ecstasy.

Syn: joyAnt: misery

💡 Exam tip: Ecstasy means extreme happiness, not ordinary pleasure.

6. Exam-Useful General Vocabulary (8 words)

adequate[/ˈædɪkwət/]adjmedium

Meaning: পর্যাপ্ত

Alt: প্রয়োজন মেটানোর মতো যথেষ্ট

Example: The food at the orphanage was more than adequate.

Syn: sufficientAnt: inadequate

💡 Exam tip: Adequate means enough, while more than adequate means more than enough.

duplicate[/ˈdjuːplɪkeɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: হুবহু পুনরাবৃত্তি করা

Alt: একই রকম আরেকটি তৈরি করা

Example: The narrator did not want to duplicate the gifts Jerry received.

Syn: repeatAnt: originate

💡 Exam tip: As a verb, duplicate is pronounced /ˈdjuːplɪkeɪt/; as a noun, it may be /ˈdjuːplɪkət/.

predicated[/ˈpredɪkeɪtɪd/]verbhard

Meaning: ভিত্তি করে স্থাপিত

Alt: কোনো কিছুর ওপর নির্ভরশীল

Example: Their early relationship was predicated on Jerry's work.

Syn: basedAnt: unrelated

💡 Exam tip: Predicated on means based on or dependent on.

betrayed[/bɪˈtreɪd/]verbmedium

Meaning: প্রকাশ করে দেওয়া

Alt: অনিচ্ছাকৃতভাবে অনুভূতি বা তথ্য প্রকাশ করা

Example: His face betrayed his deep emotion.

Syn: revealedAnt: concealed

💡 Exam tip: Betray can mean deceive someone or reveal something unintentionally.

persistent[/pəˈsɪstənt/]adjmedium

Meaning: অবিচল

Alt: দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে চলমান বা হাল না ছাড়া

Example: The persistent sound of chopping woke the narrator.

Syn: continuousAnt: intermittent

💡 Exam tip: Persistent can describe a person, effort, sound, pain, or problem.

mutilated[/ˈmjuːtɪleɪtɪd/]adjhard

Meaning: বিকৃত বা অঙ্গহানিগ্রস্ত

Alt: গুরুতরভাবে ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত

Example: The damaged object looked mutilated.

Syn: disfiguredAnt: intact

💡 Exam tip: Mutilated means badly damaged, especially by cutting or destroying parts.

vermilion[/vəˈmɪliən/]adjhard

Meaning: উজ্জ্বল লাল

Alt: সিঁদুরের মতো লাল রঙের

Example: Jerry brought vermilion maple leaves to the narrator.

Syn: scarletAnt: pale

💡 Exam tip: Vermilion is a color word frequently useful in descriptive writing.

instinctive[/ɪnˈstɪŋktɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: সহজাত

Alt: প্রশিক্ষণ বা চিন্তা ছাড়াই স্বাভাবিকভাবে করা

Example: Jerry's courtesy was instinctive.

Syn: naturalAnt: deliberate

💡 Exam tip: Instinctive is formed from instinct plus -ive.

💡 Exam Tips

• Learn each word with its part of speech and one common collocation, such as accept responsibility, show affection, and feel homesick.

• For synonym questions, use context carefully: isolation may mean privacy in one sentence but separation in another.

• Remember the central themes of Unit Five: family bonds, parental sacrifice, friendship, responsibility, integrity, and emotional support.

• In literary answers, support vocabulary-based points with details from the text or poem.

• Distinguish adjective and noun forms: intimate/intimacy, affectionate/affection, lonely/loneliness, and responsible/responsibility.

• Practise changing words into opposite forms with prefixes such as un-, in-, ir-, and dis-: adequate/inadequate, accurate/inaccurate, responsible/irresponsible.

• For cloze tests, check grammar as well as meaning; adverbs often modify verbs, while adjectives describe nouns.

• Use formal words such as subterfuge, integrity, resentment, and communion in analytical or paragraph writing, but use them only when the context is appropriate.

ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim - Unit Five: Relationships - Vocabulary

Chapter: Unit Five: Relationships

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