Textual Dictionary
Chapter 12
Climate Change
Climate Change
Every word below is taken from this chapter, and the meanings are given in clear English.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (/ˈklaɪmət/) | The average weather pattern of a place over a long period. | weather pattern (long-term weather) | — | Climate is the average weather pattern for a long period of time. This describes the usual weather of a region over many years. |
| persistent (/pəˈsɪstənt/) | Continuing for a long time without stopping. | lasting (continuing), continuous (unbroken) | temporary (short-lived), sudden (quickly occurring) | A significant and persistent change in climate is called climate change. The change continues over a long period. |
| variation (/ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/) | A change or difference in a condition. | change (difference), difference (lack of sameness) | uniformity (sameness), stability (unchanging condition) | This variability is a natural phenomenon. Weather conditions can vary within a normal range. |
| mitigation (/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/) | Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change. | reduction (making less), limitation (keeping within limits) | increase (making more), worsening (making worse) | Increasing the use of renewable energy can reduce carbon dioxide emission. This is an example of climate change mitigation. |
| adaptation (/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/) | A measure that helps people live with the effects of climate change. | adjustment (change for a condition), preparation (readiness) | unpreparedness (lack of readiness), resistance (refusal to adjust) | The measure to survive in the changing climate is called climate change adaptation. Adaptation lowers risks against climate change effects. |
| renewable (/rɪˈnjuːəbəl/) | Able to be naturally replaced or used again. | reusable (usable again), sustainable (able to continue) | non-renewable (not naturally replaced), limited (restricted) | Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources. They can help reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| emission (/ɪˈmɪʃən/) | The release of a gas into the atmosphere. | release (letting out), discharge (sending out) | absorption (taking in), removal (taking away) | We can reduce carbon dioxide emission by decreasing the use of fossil fuel. Less release of carbon dioxide can reduce climate change risks. |
| infrastructure (/ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/) | Basic structures such as houses, schools and factories. | structure (built arrangement), facility (useful building) | — | Developing infrastructure is an example of adaptation activity. Strong structures can help people face changing climate effects. |
Dictionary entries: 8
How to Use This Sheet
Study Steps
- Read the chapter before studying the word list.
- Cover the meaning column and test yourself.
- Say each word aloud using its pronunciation.
- Compare the synonyms and antonyms carefully.
- Use the example sentences for writing practice.
- Review the key points after finishing the table.
◆ Key Points
- Climate is the average weather pattern of a place over a long period of time.
- Weather conditions may vary within a normal range to an extreme condition for a particular region.
- Variation in weather is a natural phenomenon.
- A significant and persistent change in climate and its variability is called climate change.
- The average global temperature can be computed from temperature measurements taken all over the world.
- Climate change may increase the frequency and severity of tropical cyclones and storm surges.
- Heavier and more erratic rainfall can cause floods, while lower and more erratic rainfall can cause droughts.
- Climate change mitigation reduces carbon dioxide emission and the risks of climate change.
- Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources that can help reduce carbon dioxide emission.
- Climate change adaptation helps people survive and lower risks against actual or expected climate change effects.
- Strong infrastructure, flood and cyclone shelters, and coastal afforestation are examples of adaptation activities.
- Bangladesh faces natural disasters including tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, tornadoes and river erosions.
Textual Dictionary
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (/ˈklaɪmət/) | The average weather pattern of a place over a long period. | weather pattern | — | Climate is the average weather pattern for a long period of time. |
| persistent (/pəˈsɪstənt/) | Continuing for a long time without stopping. | lasting; continuous | temporary; sudden | A significant and persistent change in climate is called climate change. |
| variation (/ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/) | A change or difference in a condition. | change; difference | uniformity; stability | This variability is a natural phenomenon. |
| mitigation (/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/) | Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change. | reduction; limitation | increase; worsening | Increasing the use of renewable energy can reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| adaptation (/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/) | A measure that helps people live with the effects of climate change. | adjustment; preparation | unpreparedness; resistance | The measure to survive in the changing climate is called climate change adaptation. |
| renewable (/rɪˈnjuːəbəl/) | Able to be naturally replaced or used again. | reusable; sustainable | non-renewable; limited | Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources. |
| emission (/ɪˈmɪʃən/) | The release of a gas into the atmosphere. | release; discharge | absorption; removal | We can reduce carbon dioxide emission by decreasing the use of fossil fuel. |
| infrastructure (/ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/) | Basic structures such as houses, schools and factories. | structure; facility | — | Developing infrastructure is an example of adaptation activity. |
Dictionary entries: 8
2. Key Words - Main Table (1-15)
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (/ˈklaɪmət/) | The average weather pattern of a place over a long period. | weather pattern; average weather | — | Climate is the average weather pattern for a long period of time. This describes the usual weather of a region over many years. |
| persistent (/pəˈsɪstənt/) | Continuing for a long time without stopping. | lasting; continuous | temporary; sudden | A significant and persistent change in climate is called climate change. The change continues over a long period. |
| variation (/ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/) | A change or difference in a condition. | change; difference | uniformity; stability | This variability is a natural phenomenon. Weather conditions can vary within a normal range. |
| mitigation (/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/) | Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change. | reduction; limitation | increase; worsening | Increasing the use of renewable energy can reduce carbon dioxide emission. This is an example of climate change mitigation. |
| adaptation (/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/) | A measure that helps people live with the effects of climate change. | adjustment; preparation | unpreparedness; resistance | The measure to survive in the changing climate is called climate change adaptation. Adaptation lowers risks against climate change effects. |
| renewable (/rɪˈnjuːəbəl/) | Able to be naturally replaced or used again. | reusable; sustainable | non-renewable; limited | Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources. They can help reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| emission (/ɪˈmɪʃən/) | The release of a gas into the atmosphere. | release; discharge | absorption; removal | We can reduce carbon dioxide emission by decreasing the use of fossil fuel. Less release of carbon dioxide can reduce climate change risks. |
| infrastructure (/ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/) | Basic structures such as houses, schools and factories. | structure; facility | — | Developing infrastructure is an example of adaptation activity. Strong structures can help people face changing climate effects. |
| global (/ˈɡləʊbəl/) | Relating to the whole world. | worldwide; universal | local; particular | We can compute the average global temperature. |
| warming (/ˈwɔːmɪŋ/) | An increase in temperature. | heating; temperature increase | cooling; temperature decrease | Global warming is related to the increase in average global temperature. |
| temperature (/ˈtemprətʃə/) | A measurement that shows how hot or cold something is. | heat; warmth | cold; coolness | The average global temperature can be computed from measurements taken all over the world. |
| rainfall (/ˈreɪnfɔːl/) | The amount of rain that falls. | rain; precipitation | drought; dryness | Heavier and more erratic rainfall can cause floods. |
| frequency (/ˈfriːkwənsi/) | How often an event happens. | rate; regularity | infrequency; rarity | Climate change may increase the frequency of tropical cyclones. |
| disaster (/dɪˈzɑːstə/) | A serious natural event that causes harm. | hazard; calamity | safety; protection | Bangladesh faces a variety of natural disasters. |
| intrusion (/ɪnˈtruːʒən/) | The unwanted entry of something into a place. | entry; invasion | removal; withdrawal | Climate change can cause salt-water intrusion in the river. |
Dictionary entries: 15
◆ Key Points
- Climate is the average weather pattern of a place over a long period of time.
- Actual weather conditions can vary from a normal range to an extreme condition for a particular region.
- Weather variability is a natural phenomenon.
- A significant and persistent change in climate and its variability is called climate change.
- Average global temperature is computed from temperature measurements taken all over the world.
- Climate change may increase the frequency and severity of tropical cyclones and storm surges.
- Heavier and more erratic rainfall can cause floods, while lower and more erratic rainfall can cause droughts.
- Climate change mitigation reduces carbon dioxide emission and climate change risks.
- Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources that can help reduce carbon dioxide emission.
- Climate change adaptation helps people survive and lower risks against actual or expected climate change effects.
- Strong infrastructure, flood and cyclone shelters, and coastal afforestation are examples of adaptation activities.
- Bangladesh faces natural disasters including tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, tornadoes and river erosions.
3. Key Words - Main Table (16-30)
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| severity (/sɪˈverəti/) | The seriousness or intensity of something. | seriousness; intensity | mildness; gentleness | Climate change may increase the frequency and severity of tropical cyclones. |
| tropical (/ˈtrɒpɪkəl/) | Relating to the hot regions near the Equator. | equatorial; hot | polar; cold | Bangladesh faces tropical cyclones. |
| surge (/sɜːdʒ/) | A sudden powerful rise or movement of water. | rise; rush | fall; retreat | Climate change may increase the risk of storm surge. |
| erratic (/ɪˈrætɪk/) | Changing irregularly and unpredictably. | irregular; unpredictable | regular; predictable | Heavier and more erratic rainfall can cause floods. |
| drought (/draʊt/) | A long period with little or no rainfall. | dryness; dry period | rainfall; wetness | Lower and more erratic rainfall can cause drought. |
| sea (/siː/) | A large area of salt water. | ocean; salt water | land; dry ground | Climate change can lead to sea level rise. |
| level (/ˈlevəl/) | The height or position of something. | height; standard | depth; decrease | Sea level rise is a risk of climate change. |
| salt-water (/ˌsɔːlt ˈwɔːtə/) | Water containing salt, especially seawater. | seawater; saline water | freshwater; pure water | Sea level rise may cause salt-water intrusion in the river. |
| afforestation (/əˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/) | The planting of trees in an area. | tree planting; reforestation | deforestation; tree removal | Creating coastal afforestation is an adaptation activity. |
| shelter (/ˈʃeltə/) | A safe place that protects people from danger. | safe place; refuge | exposure; danger | Constructing flood and cyclone shelters is an adaptation activity. |
| innovating (/ˈɪnəveɪtɪŋ/) | Creating or introducing something new. | inventing; developing | copying; preserving | Innovating salt-tolerant crops is an adaptation activity. |
| tolerant (/ˈtɒlərənt/) | Able to survive or accept a difficult condition. | enduring; accepting | intolerant; sensitive | Salt-tolerant crops can help people adapt to changing climate effects. |
| disseminating (/dɪˈsemɪneɪtɪŋ/) | Spreading information widely. | spreading; sharing | withholding; hiding | Disseminating knowledge of climate change is an adaptation activity. |
| knowledge (/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/) | Information and understanding about a subject. | understanding; information | ignorance; unawareness | We should disseminate knowledge of climate change. |
| hazard (/ˈhæzəd/) | Something that may cause harm or danger. | danger; risk | safety; protection | Climate change will worsen many natural hazards. |
◆ Key Points
- Climate change may increase both the frequency and severity of tropical cyclones and storm surges.
- Erratic rainfall means rainfall that changes irregularly and may cause floods or droughts.
- Sea level rise can cause salt-water intrusion in rivers.
- Afforestation means planting trees, and coastal afforestation is an adaptation activity.
- Flood and cyclone shelters provide safer places during natural disasters.
- Salt-tolerant crops are an example of adaptation to changing climate conditions.
- Disseminating knowledge helps people understand climate change and prepare for its effects.
- Natural hazards are dangerous events that may harm people and the environment.
- Bangladesh faces tropical cyclones, storm surges, floods, droughts, tornadoes and river erosions.
- Climate change adaptation helps people deal with actual or expected climate change effects.
4. Subject Terms and Definitions
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (/ˈklaɪmət/) | The average weather pattern of a place over a long period. | weather pattern | — | Climate is the average weather pattern for a long period of time. |
| global warming (/ˈɡləʊbəl ˈwɔːmɪŋ/) | An increase in the average global temperature. | warming; temperature increase | — | We can compute the average global temperature using measurements from all over the world. |
| mitigation (/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/) | Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change. | reducing; limiting | increasing | Using solar energy can reduce carbon dioxide emission and support climate change mitigation. |
| adaptation (/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/) | A measure that helps people survive the effects of climate change. | measure; preparation | — | Constructing cyclone shelters is a climate change adaptation activity. |
| renewable energy (/rɪˈnjuːəbəl ˈenədʒi/) | Energy from sources that can naturally continue to be used, such as solar energy and wind. | solar energy; wind | fossil fuel | Increasing the use of renewable energy sources can reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| emission (/ɪˈmɪʃən/) | The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. | carbon dioxide emission | — | Decreasing the use of fossil fuel can reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| storm surge (/ˈstɔːm sɜːdʒ/) | A sudden rise of water associated with a storm or tropical cyclone. | rise; surge | — | Climate change may increase the frequency and severity of storm surge. |
| erratic rainfall (/ɪˈrætɪk ˈreɪnfɔːl/) | Rainfall that changes irregularly and unpredictably. | irregular rainfall; changing rainfall | — | Heavier and more erratic rainfall can cause floods. |
| drought (/draʊt/) | A condition caused by lower rainfall for a long period. | — | flood | Lower and more erratic rainfall can cause drought. |
| afforestation (/əˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/) | The planting of trees in an area. | planting trees | — | Creating coastal afforestation is an adaptation activity. |
| natural hazard (/ˈnætʃərəl ˈhæzəd/) | A natural event that may cause harm or disaster. | risk; disaster | — | Bangladesh faces a variety of natural hazards, including tropical cyclones, floods and droughts. |
◆ Key Points
- Climate means the average weather pattern of a place over a long period of time.
- Actual weather conditions may vary from a normal range to an extreme condition in a particular region.
- Variation in weather is a natural phenomenon.
- A significant and persistent change in climate and its variability is called climate change.
- Average global temperature can be computed from temperature measurements taken all over the world.
- Climate change may increase the frequency and severity of tropical cyclones and storm surges.
- Heavier and more erratic rainfall can cause floods, while lower and more erratic rainfall can cause droughts.
- Climate change mitigation reduces carbon dioxide emission and limits the risks of climate change.
- Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources that can help reduce carbon dioxide emission.
- Climate change adaptation helps people survive and lower risks against actual or expected climate change effects.
- Strong infrastructure, flood and cyclone shelters, and coastal afforestation are adaptation activities.
- Bangladesh faces tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, tornadoes and river erosions.
5. Words in Context
Read the passage carefully. Notice how the bold words describe climate change, its causes, and ways of responding to its effects.
A significant and persistent change in climate and its variation is called climate change. The average global temperature can be calculated from measurements taken all over the world. Climate change mitigation includes using renewable energy and reducing carbon dioxide emission. Climate change adaptation includes developing strong infrastructure, constructing shelters, and creating coastal afforestation.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | The average weather pattern of a place over a long period. | weather pattern; average weather | — | Climate is the average weather pattern for a long period of time. |
| persistent (পারসিস্টেন্ট) | Continuing for a long time without stopping. | lasting; continuous | sudden; temporary | A significant and persistent change in climate is called climate change. |
| variation (ভ্যারিয়েশন) | A change or difference in a condition. | change; difference | uniformity; stability | Variation in weather is a natural phenomenon. |
| mitigation (মিটিগেশন) | Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change. | reduction; limitation | increase; worsening | Using solar energy can support climate change mitigation. |
| adaptation (অ্যাডাপ্টেশন) | A measure that helps people survive the effects of climate change. | adjustment; preparation | unpreparedness; resistance | Constructing cyclone shelters is a climate change adaptation activity. |
| renewable (রিনিউএবল) | Able to be naturally replaced or used again. | reusable; sustainable | non-renewable; limited | Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources. |
| emission (ইমিশন) | The release of a gas into the atmosphere. | release; discharge | absorption; removal | Decreasing the use of fossil fuel can reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| infrastructure (ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচার) | Basic structures such as houses, schools, and factories. | structure; facility | — | Developing infrastructure is an example of adaptation activity. |
| global (গ্লোবাল) | Relating to the whole world. | worldwide; universal | local; particular | We can compute the average global temperature. |
6. Exercise 1 - Match the Meaning
Match each word with the correct meaning. The meanings are shuffled.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | The release of a gas into the atmosphere. | — | — | Climate is the average weather pattern for a long period of time. |
| persistent (পারসিস্টেন্ট) | Relating to the whole world. | lasting; continuous | temporary; sudden | A significant and persistent change in climate is called climate change. |
| variation (ভ্যারিয়েশন) | A measure that helps people survive the effects of climate change. | change; difference | uniformity; stability | Variation in weather is a natural phenomenon. |
| mitigation (মিটিগেশন) | Able to be naturally replaced or used again. | reduction; limitation | increase; worsening | Using solar energy can support climate change mitigation. |
| adaptation (অ্যাডাপ্টেশন) | A change or difference in a condition. | adjustment; preparation | unpreparedness; resistance | Constructing cyclone shelters is a climate change adaptation activity. |
| renewable (রিনিউএবল) | An increase in temperature. | reusable; sustainable | non-renewable; limited | Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources. |
| emission (ইমিশন) | Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change. | release; discharge | absorption; removal | Decreasing the use of fossil fuel can reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| infrastructure (ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচার) | Basic structures such as houses, schools, and factories. | structure; facility | — | Developing infrastructure is an example of adaptation activity. |
| global (গ্লোবাল) | Continuing for a long time without stopping. | worldwide; universal | local; particular | We can compute the average global temperature. |
| warming (ওয়ার্মিং) | The average weather pattern of a place over a long period. | heating; temperature increase | cooling; temperature decrease | Global warming is related to the increase in average global temperature. |
Answer Key
1. climate — The average weather pattern of a place over a long period.
2. persistent — Continuing for a long time without stopping.
3. variation — A change or difference in a condition.
4. mitigation — Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change.
5. adaptation — A measure that helps people survive the effects of climate change.
6. renewable — Able to be naturally replaced or used again.
7. emission — The release of a gas into the atmosphere.
8. infrastructure — Basic structures such as houses, schools, and factories.
9. global — Relating to the whole world.
10. warming — An increase in temperature.
1. climate — The average weather pattern of a place over a long period.
2. persistent — Continuing for a long time without stopping.
3. variation — A change or difference in a condition.
4. mitigation — Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change.
5. adaptation — A measure that helps people survive the effects of climate change.
6. renewable — Able to be naturally replaced or used again.
7. emission — The release of a gas into the atmosphere.
8. infrastructure — Basic structures such as houses, schools, and factories.
9. global — Relating to the whole world.
10. warming — An increase in temperature.
Ex. Match climate with its meaning.
Sol: climate = the average weather pattern of a place over a long period.
Ans. climate — the average weather pattern of a place over a long period.
Ans. climate — the average weather pattern of a place over a long period.
Ex. Match persistent with its meaning.
Sol: persistent = continuing for a long time without stopping.
Ans. persistent — continuing for a long time without stopping.
Ans. persistent — continuing for a long time without stopping.
Ex. Match mitigation with its meaning.
Sol: mitigation = action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change.
Ans. mitigation — action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change.
Ans. mitigation — action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change.
Ex. Match renewable with its meaning.
Sol: renewable = able to be naturally replaced or used again.
Ans. renewable — able to be naturally replaced or used again.
Ans. renewable — able to be naturally replaced or used again.
Ex. Match infrastructure with its meaning.
Sol: infrastructure = basic structures such as houses, schools, and factories.
Ans. infrastructure — basic structures such as houses, schools, and factories.
Ans. infrastructure — basic structures such as houses, schools, and factories.
7. Exercise 2 - Fill in the Blanks
Complete each sentence with the correct word from the word bank. Use each word once.
Word Bank
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (/ˈklaɪmət/) | The average weather pattern of a place over a long period. | weather pattern; average weather | — | The climate of an area does not change suddenly. |
| persistent (/pəˈsɪstənt/) | Continuing for a long time without stopping. | long-term; continuing | suddenly | A significant and persistent change is called climate change. |
| variation (/ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/) | A change or difference in a condition. | change; difference | — | This variability is a natural phenomenon. |
| mitigation (/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/) | Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change. | reducing; limiting | increasing | Using solar energy can support climate change mitigation. |
| adaptation (/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/) | A measure to survive or live with climate change effects. | measure; changing | — | Constructing shelters is an adaptation activity. |
| renewable (/rɪˈnjuːəbəl/) | Able to be naturally replaced or used again. | solar; wind | fossil | Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources. |
| emission (/ɪˈmɪʃən/) | The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. | release; carbon dioxide | reducing | Decreasing fossil fuel use can reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| infrastructure (/ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/) | Basic structures such as houses, schools and factories. | houses; schools; factories | — | Developing infrastructure is an adaptation activity. |
| global (/ˈɡləʊbəl/) | Relating to the whole world. | world; all over the world | particular | Scientists compute the average global temperature. |
| warming (/ˈwɔːmɪŋ/) | An increase in temperature. | increase; temperature change | — | Global warming is related to average global temperature. |
Fill in the Blanks
- The average weather pattern of a place over a long period is its ________.
- A significant and ________ change in climate is called climate change.
- Weather ________ is a natural phenomenon.
- Reducing carbon dioxide ________ is a goal of climate change action.
- Solar energy is a ________ energy source.
- Climate change ________ helps people deal with actual or expected effects.
- Developing strong ________ can help people face changing climate effects.
- The average ________ temperature is computed from measurements all over the world.
- An increase in average temperature is called global ________.
- Climate change ________ reduces the risks of climate change.
Worked Example Series
Ex. The average weather pattern of a place over a long period is its ________.
Sol: Average weather pattern over a long period = climate
Complete sentence = The average weather pattern of a place over a long period is its climate. Ans. climate
Complete sentence = The average weather pattern of a place over a long period is its climate. Ans. climate
Ex. A significant and ________ change in climate is called climate change.
Sol: Continuing for a long time = persistent
Complete sentence = A significant and persistent change in climate is called climate change. Ans. persistent
Complete sentence = A significant and persistent change in climate is called climate change. Ans. persistent
Ex. Solar energy is a ________ energy source.
Sol: Naturally replaced or used again = renewable
Complete sentence = Solar energy is a renewable energy source. Ans. renewable
Complete sentence = Solar energy is a renewable energy source. Ans. renewable
Ex. Developing strong ________ can help people face changing climate effects.
Sol: Basic structures such as houses and schools = infrastructure
Complete sentence = Developing strong infrastructure can help people face changing climate effects. Ans. infrastructure
Complete sentence = Developing strong infrastructure can help people face changing climate effects. Ans. infrastructure
Ex. An increase in average temperature is called global ________.
Sol: Increase in temperature = warming
Complete sentence = An increase in average temperature is called global warming. Ans. warming
Complete sentence = An increase in average temperature is called global warming. Ans. warming
Answer Key
1. climate 2. persistent 3. variation 4. emission 5. renewable 6. adaptation 7. infrastructure 8. global 9. warming 10. mitigation
8. Exercise 3 - Synonyms and Antonyms
Choose the correct synonym or antonym as directed.
| No. | Word | Task | Options |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | persistent | Choose the synonym. | a) lasting b) sudden c) temporary |
| 2 | variation | Choose the synonym. | a) stability b) difference c) uniformity |
| 3 | mitigation | Choose the synonym. | a) reduction b) worsening c) increase |
| 4 | adaptation | Choose the synonym. | a) resistance b) adjustment c) unpreparedness |
| 5 | renewable | Choose the antonym. | a) sustainable b) reusable c) non-renewable |
| 6 | emission | Choose the synonym. | a) removal b) release c) absorption |
| 7 | global | Choose the antonym. | a) worldwide b) universal c) local |
| 8 | warming | Choose the antonym. | a) heating b) cooling c) temperature increase |
| 9 | infrastructure | Choose the synonym. | a) facility b) removal c) worsening |
| 10 | climate | Choose the synonym. | a) weather pattern b) storm surge c) drought |
Answer Key: 1. lasting 2. difference 3. reduction 4. adjustment 5. non-renewable 6. release 7. local 8. cooling 9. facility 10. weather pattern
Ex. Choose a synonym of persistent.
Sol: persistent = continuing for a long time
Synonym= lasting
Ans. lasting
Synonym= lasting
Ans. lasting
Ex. Choose an antonym of renewable.
Sol: renewable = able to be naturally replaced
Antonym= non-renewable
Ans. non-renewable
Antonym= non-renewable
Ans. non-renewable
Ex. Choose a synonym of mitigation in the climate-change context.
Sol: mitigation = action to reduce risks or effects
Synonym= reduction
Ans. reduction
Synonym= reduction
Ans. reduction
Ex. Choose an antonym of global.
Sol: global = relating to the whole world
Antonym= local
Ans. local
Antonym= local
Ans. local
9. Exercise 4 - Make Sentences
Instructions: Make a meaningful sentence with each word. Use the chapter context to understand the words.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (/ˈklaɪmət/) | The average weather pattern of a place over a long period. | weather pattern; average weather | — | The climate of an area does not change suddenly. |
| persistent (/pəˈsɪstənt/) | Continuing for a long time without stopping. | lasting; continuous | temporary; sudden | A persistent change in climate can affect a region. |
| variation (/ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/) | A change or difference in a condition. | change; difference | uniformity; stability | Variation in weather is a natural phenomenon. |
| mitigation (/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/) | Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change. | reduction; limitation | increase; worsening | Planting trees is one way of climate change mitigation. |
| adaptation (/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/) | A measure that helps people live with the effects of climate change. | adjustment; preparation | unpreparedness; resistance | Building a cyclone shelter is an adaptation activity. |
| renewable (/rɪˈnjuːəbəl/) | Able to be naturally replaced or used again. | reusable; sustainable | non-renewable; limited | Wind is a renewable source of energy. |
| emission (/ɪˈmɪʃən/) | The release of a gas into the atmosphere. | release; discharge | absorption; removal | Using less fossil fuel can reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| infrastructure (/ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/) | Basic structures such as houses, schools and factories. | structure; facility | — | Strong infrastructure can help people face climate risks. |
Write sentences with these words:
- climate
- persistent
- variation
- mitigation
- adaptation
- renewable
- emission
- infrastructure
Worked Example Series
Ex. Make a sentence with climate.
Sol: climate → the average weather pattern of a place → Ans. The climate of a coastal area may include heavy rain.
Sol: climate → the average weather pattern of a place → Ans. The climate of a coastal area may include heavy rain.
Ex. Make a sentence with mitigation.
Sol: mitigation → reducing climate-change risks → Ans. Using solar energy is an example of climate change mitigation.
Sol: mitigation → reducing climate-change risks → Ans. Using solar energy is an example of climate change mitigation.
Ex. Make a sentence with adaptation.
Sol: adaptation → living with climate-change effects → Ans. A flood shelter is useful for climate change adaptation.
Sol: adaptation → living with climate-change effects → Ans. A flood shelter is useful for climate change adaptation.
Ex. Make a sentence with renewable.
Sol: renewable → naturally replaced or used again → Ans. Solar energy is a renewable energy source.
Sol: renewable → naturally replaced or used again → Ans. Solar energy is a renewable energy source.
Ex. Make a sentence with infrastructure.
Sol: infrastructure → basic structures for people → Ans. Developing strong infrastructure helps communities face natural disasters.
Sol: infrastructure → basic structures for people → Ans. Developing strong infrastructure helps communities face natural disasters.
10. Vocabulary MCQ (1-10)
Practice Questions
Word Meanings
1. What does climate mean?
A. A sudden storm
B. The average weather pattern of a place over a long period
C. A short rainfall
D. A type of shelter
Sol: [B] Climate is the average weather pattern for a long period of time.
2. Which word means “continuing for a long time without stopping”?
A. Persistent
B. Renewable
C. Global
D. Sudden
Sol: [A] Persistent describes something that continues for a long time.
3. In the chapter, what is a variation?
A. A change or difference in a condition
B. A built arrangement
C. A gas in the atmosphere
D. A natural shelter
Sol: [A] Variation means a change or difference in a condition.
Synonyms and Antonyms
4. Which is a synonym of mitigation in the climate-change context?
A. Increase
B. Reduction
C. Resistance
D. Worsening
Sol: [B] Mitigation means reducing the risks or effects of climate change.
5. Which word is an antonym of renewable?
A. Sustainable
B. Reusable
C. Non-renewable
D. Natural
Sol: [C] Non-renewable means not naturally replaced, so it is the opposite of renewable.
6. Which word is closest in meaning to adaptation?
A. Adjustment
B. Absorption
C. Removal
D. Increase
Sol: [A] Adaptation is an adjustment that helps people live with climate-change effects.
Usage in Context
7. Choose the word that correctly completes the sentence: “Solar energy and wind are _____ energy sources.”
A. temporary
B. renewable
C. sudden
D. local
Sol: [B] Solar energy and wind are identified as renewable energy sources.
8. Which sentence uses emission correctly?
A. Emission means building a school.
B. We can reduce carbon dioxide emission by decreasing the use of fossil fuel.
C. Emission is a shelter for a cyclone.
D. Emission means a change in rainfall.
Sol: [B] Emission is the release of a gas into the atmosphere.
Climate-Change Vocabulary
9. What does infrastructure refer to in the chapter?
A. Basic structures such as houses, schools and factories
B. A measurement of temperature
C. A type of rainfall
D. A change in the atmosphere
Sol: [A] Infrastructure includes basic structures such as houses, schools and factories.
10. Which sentence shows the meaning of adaptation?
A. Using solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide emission
B. Constructing a flood shelter to lower climate-change risks
C. Measuring average global temperature
D. Describing the usual weather of a region
Sol: [B] A flood shelter is an adaptation activity that helps people face climate-change effects.
11. Quick Revision List
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (/ˈklaɪmət/) | The average weather pattern of a place over a long period. | weather pattern; long-term weather | — | Climate is the average weather pattern for a long period of time. |
| persistent (/pəˈsɪstənt/) | Continuing for a long time without stopping. | lasting; continuous; enduring | temporary; sudden; brief | A significant and persistent change in climate is called climate change. |
| variation (/ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/) | A change or difference in a condition. | change; difference; variability | uniformity; stability; sameness | This variability is a natural phenomenon. |
| mitigation (/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/) | Action taken to reduce the risks or effects of climate change. | reduction; limitation; prevention | increase; worsening; intensification | Increasing the use of renewable energy can reduce carbon dioxide emission. |
| adaptation (/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/) | A measure that helps people live with the effects of climate change. | adjustment; preparation; modification | unpreparedness; resistance; refusal | The measure to survive in the changing climate is called climate change adaptation. |
| renewable (/rɪˈnjuːəbəl/) | Able to be naturally replaced or used again. | reusable; sustainable; replaceable | non-renewable; limited; exhaustible | Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources. |
| emission (/ɪˈmɪʃən/) | The release of a gas into the atmosphere. | release; discharge; expulsion | absorption; removal; retention | We can reduce carbon dioxide emission by decreasing the use of fossil fuel. |
| infrastructure (/ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/) | Basic structures such as houses, schools and factories. | structure; facility; framework | — | Developing infrastructure is an example of adaptation activity. |
Dictionary entries: 8
◆ Key Points
- Climate means the average weather pattern of a place over a long period of time.
- Actual weather conditions may vary from a normal range to an extreme condition in a particular region.
- Temperature, rainfall and the frequency of events such as cyclones and nor’westers help show changes in weather.
- Variation in weather is a natural phenomenon.
- A significant and persistent change in climate and its variability is called climate change.
- Average global temperature can be computed from temperature measurements taken all over the world.
- Climate change may increase the frequency and severity of tropical cyclones and storm surges.
- Heavier and more erratic rainfall can cause floods, while lower and more erratic rainfall can cause droughts.
- Climate change mitigation reduces carbon dioxide emission and the risks of climate change.
- Solar energy and wind are renewable energy sources that can help reduce carbon dioxide emission.
- Climate change adaptation helps people survive and lower risks against actual or expected climate change effects.
- Strong infrastructure, flood and cyclone shelters, and coastal afforestation are examples of adaptation activities.