Weather and Climate - Textual Dictionary | Elementary Science Class Five (English Version)

Chapter 11

Weather and Climate

Elementary Science Class Five (English Version)

Every word below is taken from this chapter, and the meanings are given in Bengali.

Textual Dictionary

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
weather (ওয়েদার)	আবহাওয়া (the temporary state of the sky and atmosphere)	condition (অবস্থা), state (অবস্থা)	—	Weather is the temporary state of the sky and the atmosphere at a certain place. আবহাওয়া হলো কোনো নির্দিষ্ট স্থানের আকাশ ও বায়ুমণ্ডলের সাময়িক অবস্থা।
climate (ক্লাইমেট)	জলবায়ু (the average weather condition of an area for a long period)	pattern (ধরণ), condition (অবস্থা)	—	Climate is the average weather condition of a certain area for a long period of time. জলবায়ু হলো দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট এলাকার গড় আবহাওয়ার অবস্থা।
forecast (ফোরকাস্ট)	পূর্বাভাস (a statement about expected weather)	prediction (পূর্বানুমান), expectation (প্রত্যাশা)	—	We can use weather forecast in order to decide what to wear. কী পরব তা ঠিক করার জন্য আমরা আবহাওয়ার পূর্বাভাস ব্যবহার করতে পারি।
humidity (হিউমিডিটি)	আর্দ্রতা (the amount of moisture in the air)	moisture (আর্দ্রতা), warmth (উষ্ণতা)	—	Humidity is the measure of how much moisture is in the air. আর্দ্রতা হলো বায়ুতে কতটা জলীয় বাষ্প আছে তার পরিমাপ।
rainfall (রেইনফল)	বৃষ্টিপাত (the amount of rain that falls)	rain (বৃষ্টি), rainwater (বৃষ্টির জল)	—	During rainy season, the monthly average humidity and rainfall is higher. বর্ষাকালে মাসিক গড় আর্দ্রতা ও বৃষ্টিপাত বেশি থাকে।
pressure (প্রেশার)	চাপ (the force produced by the weight of air)	force (বল), weight (ওজন)	—	Air pressure is the force produced by the weight of the air. বায়ুচাপ হলো বায়ুর ওজনের কারণে উৎপন্ন বল।
drought (ড্রাউট)	খরা (a long period of dry weather)	dry weather (শুষ্ক আবহাওয়া), less rainfall (কম বৃষ্টিপাত)	flood (বন্যা), rainfall (বৃষ্টিপাত)	A usually long period of dry weather is called drought. সাধারণত দীর্ঘ সময়ের শুষ্ক আবহাওয়াকে খরা বলা হয়।
cyclone (সাইক্লোন)	ঘূর্ণিঝড় (a large low-pressure revolving storm)	storm (ঝড়), tropical cyclone (ক্রান্তীয় ঘূর্ণিঝড়)	—	Cyclone is a large low pressure system and a revolving storm. ঘূর্ণিঝড় হলো একটি বৃহৎ নিম্নচাপ ব্যবস্থা ও ঘূর্ণায়মান ঝড়।

Total words: 8

1. How to Use This Sheet

Read the chapter carefully before studying the word list.
Cover the meaning column and test yourself on each word.
Say each word aloud and practise its pronunciation.
Compare the synonyms and antonyms to understand each word better.
Read the example sentences and notice how the words are used.
Use the example sentences as models for your own writing practice.

Textual Dictionary

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
weather (WEH-thər)	The temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place.	condition; state	—	Weather is different in different places and at different times of the day. The weather changes what we wear and what we do.
climate (KLY-mət)	The average weather condition of an area over a long period.	pattern; condition	—	Climate helps us predict the usual weather of a place.
forecast (FOR-kast)	A statement about expected weather.	prediction; expectation	—	We can use a weather forecast to decide what to wear.
humidity (hyoo-MID-uh-tee)	The amount of moisture in the air.	moisture; dampness	dryness	Humidity is higher during the rainy season.
rainfall (RAYN-fawl)	The amount of rain that falls.	rain; rainwater	drought	Monthly rainfall is higher during the rainy season.
pressure (PRESH-ər)	The force produced by the weight of air.	force; weight	—	Air pressure is produced by the weight of the air pressing on the Earth's surface.
drought (DROWT)	A usually long period of dry weather.	dry weather; less rainfall	flood; rainfall	Droughts are caused by abnormally less rainfall and higher temperature than usual.
cyclone (SY-klone)	A large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.	storm; tropical cyclone	—	A cyclone brings extremely powerful winds and torrential rain.

◆ Key Points

Weather is the temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place.
Weather can differ from one place to another and from one time of day to another.
Climate is the average weather condition of an area over a long period.
Weather and climate are closely related but they are not the same.
A weather forecast helps people decide what to wear and what to do.
Air pressure is the force produced by the weight of air pressing on the Earth's surface.
Wind blows from a high-pressure area toward a low-pressure area.
Humidity measures the amount of moisture in the air.
Rainfall and average humidity are higher during the rainy season than during winter.
A drought is a usually long period of dry weather caused by less rainfall and higher temperature than usual.
A cyclone is a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.
Cyclones can bring extremely powerful winds, torrential rain, and storm surges.

2. Key Words - Main Table (1-15)

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
weather (ওয়েদার)	আবহাওয়া (the temporary state of the sky and atmosphere)	condition (অবস্থা); state (অবস্থা)	—	Weather is different in different places. আবহাওয়া বিভিন্ন স্থানে বিভিন্ন রকম।
climate (ক্লাইমেট)	জলবায়ু (the average weather condition of an area over a long period)	pattern (ধরণ); condition (অবস্থা)	—	Climate is the overall condition of weather for many years. জলবায়ু বহু বছরের আবহাওয়ার সামগ্রিক অবস্থা।
forecast (ফোরকাস্ট)	পূর্বাভাস (a statement about expected weather)	prediction (পূর্বানুমান); expectation (প্রত্যাশা)	—	We can use a weather forecast to decide what to wear. কী পরব তা ঠিক করতে আমরা আবহাওয়ার পূর্বাভাস ব্যবহার করতে পারি।
temperature (টেম্পারেচার)	তাপমাত্রা (the degree of hotness or coldness)	warmth (উষ্ণতা); heat (তাপ)	coldness (শীতলতা)	Higher temperature than usual can cause droughts. স্বাভাবিকের চেয়ে বেশি তাপমাত্রা খরা সৃষ্টি করতে পারে।
air pressure (এয়ার প্রেশার)	বায়ুচাপ (the force produced by the weight of air)	pressure (চাপ); force (বল)	—	Air pressure is produced by the weight of the air. বায়ুর ওজনের কারণে বায়ুচাপ উৎপন্ন হয়।
wind (উইন্ড)	বাতাস (moving air)	air (বায়ু); breeze (মৃদু বাতাস)	stillness (স্থিরতা)	Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. বাতাস উচ্চচাপ থেকে নিম্নচাপের দিকে প্রবাহিত হয়।
humidity (হিউমিডিটি)	আর্দ্রতা (the amount of moisture in the air)	moisture (আর্দ্রতা); dampness (স্যাঁতসেঁতে ভাব)	dryness (শুষ্কতা)	Humidity is higher during the rainy season. বর্ষাকালে আর্দ্রতা বেশি থাকে।
rainfall (রেইনফল)	বৃষ্টিপাত (the amount of rain that falls)	rain (বৃষ্টি); rainwater (বৃষ্টির জল)	drought (খরা); dryness (শুষ্কতা)	Monthly rainfall is higher during the rainy season. বর্ষাকালে মাসিক বৃষ্টিপাত বেশি থাকে।
heat wave (হিট ওয়েভ)	তাপপ্রবাহ (a prolonged period of excessively hot weather)	hot spell (উষ্ণ সময়কাল); heat (তাপ)	cold wave (শৈত্যপ্রবাহ)	A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather. তাপপ্রবাহ হলো অতিরিক্ত গরম আবহাওয়ার দীর্ঘ সময়।
cold wave (কোল্ড ওয়েভ)	শৈত্যপ্রবাহ (a period of extreme low temperature)	cold spell (শীতল সময়কাল); severe cold (তীব্র শীত)	heat wave (তাপপ্রবাহ)	Cold waves are associated with dry cold winds from the north. শৈত্যপ্রবাহ উত্তরের শুষ্ক ঠান্ডা বাতাসের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত।
flood (ফ্লাড)	বন্যা (the submergence of land by water)	inundation (প্লাবন); floodwater (বন্যার জল)	drought (খরা); dryness (শুষ্কতা)	About one-fifth of Bangladesh is flooded in every rainy season. প্রতি বর্ষাকালে বাংলাদেশের প্রায় এক-পঞ্চমাংশ প্লাবিত হয়।
drought (ড্রাউট)	খরা (a usually long period of dry weather)	dry weather (শুষ্ক আবহাওয়া); less rainfall (কম বৃষ্টিপাত)	flood (বন্যা); rainfall (বৃষ্টিপাত)	Droughts are due to less rainfall and higher temperature than usual. স্বাভাবিকের চেয়ে কম বৃষ্টিপাত ও বেশি তাপমাত্রার কারণে খরা হয়।
Nor'wester (নর’ওয়েস্টার)	কালবৈশাখী (a summer thunderstorm)	thunderstorm (বজ্রঝড়); storm (ঝড়)	calm (শান্ত অবস্থা)	Nor'wester is more frequent in the late afternoon. বিকেলের শেষভাগে কালবৈশাখী বেশি দেখা যায়।
tornado (টর্নেডো)	টর্নেডো (a narrow, violent, funnel-shaped column of spiral winds)	spiral wind (ঘূর্ণায়মান বাতাস); storm (ঝড়)	calm (শান্ত অবস্থা)	A tornado can cause severe crop destruction. টর্নেডো ফসলের মারাত্মক ক্ষতি করতে পারে।
cyclone (সাইক্লোন)	ঘূর্ণিঝড় (a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm)	storm (ঝড়); tropical cyclone (ক্রান্তীয় ঘূর্ণিঝড়)	calm (শান্ত অবস্থা)	A cyclone brings extremely powerful winds and torrential rain. ঘূর্ণিঝড় অত্যন্ত শক্তিশালী বাতাস ও প্রবল বৃষ্টি নিয়ে আসে।

◆ Key Points

Weather is the temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place.
Weather can differ from one place to another and from one time of day to another.
Climate is the average weather condition of an area over a long period.
Weather and climate are closely related, but they are not the same.
A weather forecast helps people decide what to wear and what to do.
Air pressure is the force produced by the weight of air pressing on the Earth's surface.
Wind blows from a high-pressure area toward a low-pressure area.
Humidity measures the amount of moisture in the air.
Rainfall and average humidity are higher during the rainy season than during winter.
A drought is usually a long period of dry weather caused by less rainfall and higher temperature than usual.
A cyclone is a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.
Cyclones can bring powerful winds, torrential rain, and storm surges.

3. Key Words - Main Table (16-30)

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
cultivate (কাল্টিভেট)	চাষ করা (to grow crops)	grow (বৃদ্ধি করা); farm (চাষ করা)	neglect (অবহেলা করা); abandon (পরিত্যাগ করা)	Climate helps us decide when to cultivate which crops. জলবায়ু আমাদের কোন সময় কোন ফসল চাষ করতে হবে তা ঠিক করতে সাহায্য করে।
temporary (টেম্পোরারি)	সাময়িক (lasting for a short time)	short-term (স্বল্পমেয়াদি); brief (সংক্ষিপ্ত)	permanent (স্থায়ী); lasting (দীর্ঘস্থায়ী)	Weather is the temporary state of the sky and the atmosphere. আবহাওয়া হলো আকাশ ও বায়ুমণ্ডলের সাময়িক অবস্থা।
atmosphere (অ্যাটমসফিয়ার)	বায়ুমণ্ডল (the air surrounding Earth)	air (বায়ু); surroundings (পরিবেষ্টিত পরিবেশ)	—	Weather describes the condition of the sky and the atmosphere. আবহাওয়া আকাশ ও বায়ুমণ্ডলের অবস্থা বর্ণনা করে।
forecast (ফোরকাস্ট)	পূর্বাভাস (a statement about expected weather)	prediction (পূর্বানুমান); expectation (প্রত্যাশা)	—	We can use a weather forecast to decide what to wear. কী পরব তা ঠিক করার জন্য আমরা আবহাওয়ার পূর্বাভাস ব্যবহার করতে পারি।
predict (প্রিডিক্ট)	পূর্বানুমান করা (to say what may happen)	forecast (পূর্বাভাস দেওয়া); expect (প্রত্যাশা করা)	doubt (সন্দেহ করা); ignore (উপেক্ষা করা)	We can predict daily weather from our experience of climate. জলবায়ু সম্পর্কে অভিজ্ঞতা থেকে আমরা প্রতিদিনের আবহাওয়ার পূর্বানুমান করতে পারি।
pressure (প্রেশার)	চাপ (the force produced by air)	force (বল); stress (চাপ)	—	Air pressure is produced by the weight of the air. বায়ুর ওজনের কারণে বায়ুচাপ উৎপন্ন হয়।
force (ফোর্স)	বল (a push or pull)	power (শক্তি); strength (বল)	weakness (দুর্বলতা); helplessness (অসহায়ত্ব)	Air pressure is the force produced by the weight of air. বায়ুচাপ হলো বায়ুর ওজনের কারণে উৎপন্ন বল।
surface (সারফেস)	পৃষ্ঠ (the outer or top part)	top (উপরের অংশ); exterior (বাহিরের অংশ)	interior (অভ্যন্তর); inside (ভেতরের অংশ)	Air presses down on the Earth's surface. বায়ু পৃথিবীর পৃষ্ঠের ওপর নিচের দিকে চাপ দেয়।
surrounding (সারাউন্ডিং)	চারপাশের (around a person or thing)	nearby (কাছাকাছি); surrounding area (পার্শ্ববর্তী এলাকা)	distant (দূরবর্তী); separate (আলাদা)	Warm air becomes lighter than the surrounding air. উষ্ণ বায়ু চারপাশের বায়ুর চেয়ে হালকা হয়ে যায়।
moisture (ময়েশ্চার)	জলীয় বাষ্প বা আর্দ্রতা (a small amount of water in the air)	humidity (আর্দ্রতা); dampness (স্যাঁতসেঁতে ভাব)	dryness (শুষ্কতা)	The southwest seasonal wind brings much moisture from the Bay of Bengal. দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম মৌসুমি বায়ু বঙ্গোপসাগর থেকে প্রচুর জলীয় বাষ্প নিয়ে আসে।
components (কম্পোনেন্টস)	উপাদানসমূহ (parts that make up something)	parts (অংশসমূহ); elements (উপাদানসমূহ)	whole (সম্পূর্ণ বিষয়); total (সমগ্র)	Temperature, humidity, wind, cloud, rain and air pressure are weather components. তাপমাত্রা, আর্দ্রতা, বাতাস, মেঘ, বৃষ্টি ও বায়ুচাপ আবহাওয়ার উপাদান।
severe (সিভিয়ার)	তীব্র (very serious or extreme)	serious (গুরুতর); harsh (কঠোর)	mild (মৃদু); gentle (নরম)	Severe weather can cause loss of human life and resources. তীব্র আবহাওয়া মানুষের জীবন ও সম্পদের ক্ষতি করতে পারে।
prolonged (প্রোলংড)	দীর্ঘস্থায়ী (continuing for a long time)	long-lasting (দীর্ঘস্থায়ী); extended (বর্ধিত)	brief (স্বল্পস্থায়ী); short (সংক্ষিপ্ত)	A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather. তাপপ্রবাহ হলো অতিরিক্ত গরম আবহাওয়ার দীর্ঘস্থায়ী সময়কাল।
excessively (এক্সেসিভলি)	অতিরিক্তভাবে (more than is usual or needed)	extremely (অত্যন্ত); greatly (অনেক বেশি)	slightly (সামান্যভাবে); moderately (মাঝারিভাবে)	A heat wave brings excessively hot weather. তাপপ্রবাহ অতিরিক্ত গরম আবহাওয়া নিয়ে আসে।
incursion (ইনকার্শন)	অনুপ্রবেশ (the arrival or movement into a place)	entry (প্রবেশ); arrival (আগমন)	departure (প্রস্থান); withdrawal (প্রত্যাহার)	Cold waves are associated with the incursion of dry cold winds from the north. শৈত্যপ্রবাহ উত্তরের শুষ্ক ঠান্ডা বাতাসের অনুপ্রবেশের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত।

◆ Key Points

Weather describes the temporary condition of the sky and atmosphere at a particular place.
Climate describes the usual or average weather condition of an area over many years.
A weather forecast helps people decide what to wear and what to do.
Air pressure is the force made by the weight of air pressing on Earth’s surface.
Warm air becomes lighter and rises, so low pressure can develop over warmer land.
Wind moves from a high-pressure area toward a low-pressure area.
Humidity measures the amount of moisture in the air.
Rainy-season winds bring moisture from the Bay of Bengal and can cause heavy rainfall.
Extreme changes in weather components may cause severe weather and damage.
A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather.
A cold wave is linked with dry cold winds entering Bangladesh from the north.
A cyclone is a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm that may bring powerful winds and torrential rain.

Total words: 15

4. Subject Terms and Definitions

◆Key Points

Weather is the temporary state of the sky and the atmosphere at a certain place.
Weather may be different from one place to another and from one time of day to another.
Climate is the average or usual weather condition of an area over a long period of time.
Weather and climate are closely related, but they are not the same.
A weather forecast helps people decide what to wear and what to do.
Air pressure is the force produced by the weight of air pressing down on the Earth's surface.
Wind blows from an area of high pressure toward an area of low pressure.
Warm air becomes lighter and rises, while cooler and heavier air sinks.
Humidity measures the amount of moisture in the air, and lower humidity means less moisture.
During the rainy season, monthly average humidity and rainfall are higher than in winter.
A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, while a cold wave is linked with dry cold winds from the north.
A drought is a usually long period of dry weather caused by abnormally less rainfall and higher temperature than usual.
A cyclone is a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm that may bring powerful winds, torrential rain, and storm surges.

5. Words in Context

A weather forecast describes the temporary condition of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place. It helps people decide what to wear and what to do. Climate describes the average weather condition of an area over a long period.

During the rainy season, humidity and rainfall are higher than in winter. Seasonal winds bring moisture from the Bay of Bengal. Changes in temperature and air pressure can affect the movement of wind.

A long period of dry weather is called a drought. A cyclone is a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm that may bring powerful winds and torrential rain.

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
weather (WEH-thər)	The temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place.	condition; state	—	Weather is different in different places.
climate (KLY-mət)	The average weather condition of an area over a long period.	pattern; condition	—	Climate is the overall condition of weather for many years.
forecast (FOR-kast)	A statement about expected weather.	prediction; expectation	—	We can use a weather forecast to decide what to wear.
humidity (hyoo-MID-uh-tee)	The amount of moisture in the air.	moisture; dampness	dryness	Humidity is higher during the rainy season.
rainfall (RAYN-fawl)	The amount of rain that falls.	rain; rainwater	drought; dryness	Monthly rainfall is higher during the rainy season.
temperature (TEM-prə-chər)	The degree of hotness or coldness.	warmth; heat	coldness	Higher temperature than usual can cause droughts.
pressure (PRESH-ər)	The force produced by the weight of air.	force; weight	—	Air pressure is produced by the weight of the air.
wind (WIND)	Moving air.	air; breeze	stillness	Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.
drought (DROWT)	A usually long period of dry weather.	dry weather; less rainfall	flood; rainfall	Droughts are due to less rainfall and higher temperature than usual.
cyclone (SY-klone)	A large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.	storm; tropical cyclone	—	A cyclone brings extremely powerful winds and torrential rain.

6. Exercise 1 - Match the Meaning

Match each word in Column A with its correct meaning in Column B. Write the correct letter beside each word.

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
1. weather (ওয়েদার)	_____	condition (অবস্থা); state (অবস্থা)	—	Weather is different in different places. আবহাওয়া বিভিন্ন স্থানে বিভিন্ন রকম।
2. climate (ক্লাইমেট)	_____	pattern (ধরণ); condition (অবস্থা)	—	Climate is the overall condition of weather for many years. জলবায়ু বহু বছরের আবহাওয়ার সামগ্রিক অবস্থা।
3. forecast (ফোরকাস্ট)	_____	prediction (পূর্বানুমান); expectation (প্রত্যাশা)	—	We can use a weather forecast to decide what to wear. কী পরব তা ঠিক করার জন্য আমরা আবহাওয়ার পূর্বাভাস ব্যবহার করতে পারি।
4. humidity (হিউমিডিটি)	_____	moisture (আর্দ্রতা); dampness (স্যাঁতসেঁতে ভাব)	dryness (শুষ্কতা)	Humidity is higher during the rainy season. বর্ষাকালে আর্দ্রতা বেশি থাকে।
5. rainfall (রেইনফল)	_____	rain (বৃষ্টি); rainwater (বৃষ্টির জল)	drought (খরা); dryness (শুষ্কতা)	Monthly rainfall is higher during the rainy season. বর্ষাকালে মাসিক বৃষ্টিপাত বেশি থাকে।
6. temperature (টেম্পারেচার)	_____	warmth (উষ্ণতা); heat (তাপ)	coldness (শীতলতা)	Higher temperature than usual can cause droughts. স্বাভাবিকের চেয়ে বেশি তাপমাত্রা খরা সৃষ্টি করতে পারে।
7. pressure (প্রেশার)	_____	force (বল); weight (ওজন)	—	Air pressure is produced by the weight of the air. বায়ুর ওজনের কারণে বায়ুচাপ উৎপন্ন হয়।
8. wind (উইন্ড)	_____	air (বায়ু); breeze (মৃদু বাতাস)	stillness (স্থিরতা)	Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. বাতাস উচ্চচাপ থেকে নিম্নচাপের দিকে প্রবাহিত হয়।
9. drought (ড্রাউট)	_____	dry weather (শুষ্ক আবহাওয়া); less rainfall (কম বৃষ্টিপাত)	flood (বন্যা); rainfall (বৃষ্টিপাত)	Droughts are due to less rainfall and higher temperature than usual. স্বাভাবিকের চেয়ে কম বৃষ্টিপাত ও বেশি তাপমাত্রার কারণে খরা হয়।
10. cyclone (সাইক্লোন)	_____	storm (ঝড়); tropical cyclone (ক্রান্তীয় ঘূর্ণিঝড়)	—	A cyclone brings extremely powerful winds and torrential rain. ঘূর্ণিঝড় অত্যন্ত শক্তিশালী বাতাস ও প্রবল বৃষ্টি নিয়ে আসে।

Meanings in Column B
A. A large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.
B. The amount of moisture in the air.
C. The average weather condition of an area over a long period.
D. Moving air.
E. The force produced by the weight of air.
F. The amount of rain that falls.
G. A statement about expected weather.
H. The degree of hotness or coldness.
I. A usually long period of dry weather.
J. The temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place.

Worked Examples

Ex. Match “weather” with its meaning.

Sol: weather = the temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place = J. Ans. J

Ex. Match “humidity” with its meaning.

Sol: humidity = the amount of moisture in the air = B. Ans. B

Ex. Match “drought” with its meaning.

Sol: drought = a usually long period of dry weather = I. Ans. I

Ex. Match “cyclone” with its meaning.

Sol: cyclone = a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm = A. Ans. A

Total words: 10

7. Exercise 2 - Fill in the Blanks

Instructions: Choose the correct word from the word bank and write it in each blank.

Word Bank: weather · climate · forecast · humidity · rainfall · temperature · wind · drought · flood · cyclone

1. The temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place is called .

2. The average weather condition of an area for a long period is called .

3. We use a weather to decide what to wear.

4. measures the amount of moisture in the air.

5. During the rainy season, monthly is higher.

6. The degree of hotness or coldness is called .

7. blows from high pressure to low pressure.

8. A usually long period of dry weather is called a .

9. About one-fifth of Bangladesh is submerged in a every rainy season.

10. A large low-pressure system and a revolving storm is called a .

Textual Dictionary

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
weather (WETH-er)	The temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place.	condition; state	—	Weather is different in different places. The weather is different in different places.
climate (KLY-mət)	The average weather condition of an area for a long period.	condition; pattern	—	Climate is the overall condition of weather of a place for many years. Climate is the overall weather condition of a place for many years.
forecast (FOR-kast)	A statement about expected weather.	prediction; expectation	—	We can use a weather forecast to decide what to wear. We can use a weather forecast before going outside.
humidity (hyoo-MID-uh-tee)	The amount of moisture in the air.	moisture; dampness	dryness	Humidity is higher during the rainy season. Humidity is higher during the rainy season.
rainfall (RAYN-fawl)	The amount of rain that falls.	rain; rainwater	drought; dryness	Monthly rainfall is higher during the rainy season. Monthly rainfall is higher during the rainy season.
temperature (TEM-pruh-cher)	The degree of hotness or coldness.	warmth; heat	coldness	Higher temperature than usual can cause droughts. Higher temperature can cause droughts.
wind (WIND)	Moving air.	air; breeze	stillness	Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.
drought (DROWT)	A usually long period of dry weather.	dry weather; less rainfall	flood; rainfall	Droughts are due to less rainfall and higher temperature than usual. Droughts are due to less rainfall and higher temperature.
flood (FLUD)	The submergence of land by water.	inundation; floodwater	drought; dryness	About one-fifth of Bangladesh is flooded in every rainy season. About one-fifth of Bangladesh is flooded each rainy season.
cyclone (SY-klone)	A large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.	storm; tropical cyclone	—	A cyclone brings extremely powerful winds and torrential rain. A cyclone brings powerful winds and torrential rain.

Answer Key

1. weather 2. climate 3. forecast 4. humidity 5. rainfall

6. temperature 7. wind 8. drought 9. flood 10. cyclone

Worked Example Series

Ex. Complete: The temporary state of the sky and atmosphere is called ______.

Sol: The definition says “the temporary state of the sky and atmosphere.”
That word is weather.
Ans. weather

Ex. Complete: The average weather condition of an area for a long period is called ______.

Sol: The definition says “the average weather condition” for a long period.
That word is climate.
Ans. climate

Ex. Complete: We use a weather ______ to decide what to wear.

Sol: The chapter says that a weather ______ helps us decide what to wear.
The correct word is forecast.
Ans. forecast

Ex. Complete: A usually long period of dry weather is called a ______.

Sol: The chapter defines a long period of dry weather.
That weather event is a drought.
Ans. drought

Ex. Complete: A large low-pressure system and a revolving storm is called a ______.

Sol: The definition gives “a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.”
That word is cyclone.
Ans. cyclone

8. Exercise 3 - Synonyms and Antonyms

Instructions: Read each word and choose the correct synonym or antonym from the chapter context.

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
weather (ওয়েদার)	The temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a place.	condition; state	—	Weather is different in different places and at different times of the day.
climate (ক্লাইমেট)	The average weather condition of an area over a long period.	usual weather; pattern	—	Climate is the overall condition of weather of a place for many years.
forecast (ফোরকাস্ট)	A statement about expected weather.	prediction; expectation	—	We can use a weather forecast to decide what to wear.
temperature (টেম্পারেচার)	The degree of hotness or coldness.	heat; warmth	coldness	Higher temperature than usual can cause droughts.
air pressure (এয়ার প্রেশার)	The force produced by the weight of air.	pressure; force	—	Air pressure is the force produced by the weight of the air.
wind (উইন্ড)	Moving air.	air; breeze	stillness	Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure area.
humidity (হিউমিডিটি)	The amount of moisture in the air.	moisture; dampness	dryness	During rainy season, the monthly average humidity is higher.
rainfall (রেইনফল)	The amount of rain that falls.	rain; rainwater	dryness	Monthly rainfall is higher during the rainy season.
drought (ড্রাউট)	A usually long period of dry weather.	dry weather; less rainfall	flood; rainfall	Droughts are due to less rainfall and higher temperature than usual.
cyclone (সাইক্লোন)	A large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.	storm; tropical cyclone	—	A cyclone brings extremely powerful winds and torrential rain.

Answer Key
1. condition
2. usual weather
3. prediction
4. coldness
5. force
6. air
7. moisture
8. dryness
9. flood
10. storm

Ex. Write a synonym of weather.

Sol:

weather = condition

Answer = condition. Ans. condition

Ex. Write an antonym of temperature when it means hotness.

Sol:

temperature = hotness or coldness

Opposite of hotness = coldness

Answer = coldness. Ans. coldness

Ex. Write a synonym of humidity.

Sol:

humidity = moisture in the air

Synonym = moisture

Answer = moisture. Ans. moisture

Ex. Write an antonym of drought.

Sol:

drought = a long period of dry weather

Opposite weather = flood

Answer = flood. Ans. flood

Ex. Write a synonym of cyclone.

Sol:

cyclone = a revolving storm

Synonym = storm

Answer = storm. Ans. storm

9. Exercise 4 - Make Sentences

Instruction: Make a sentence with each word. Use the model sentences for guidance.

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
temperature (TEM-per-uh-cher)	The degree of hotness or coldness.	heat; warmth	coldness	Higher temperature than usual can cause droughts.
wind (WIND)	Moving air.	air; breeze	stillness	Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.
humidity (hyoo-MID-uh-tee)	The amount of moisture in the air.	moisture; dampness	dryness	Humidity is higher during the rainy season.
rainfall (RAYN-fawl)	The amount of rain that falls.	rain; rainwater	drought; dryness	Monthly rainfall is higher during the rainy season.
heat wave (HEET wayv)	A prolonged period of excessively hot weather.	hot spell; heat	cold wave	A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather.
flood (FLUD)	The submergence of land by water.	inundation; floodwater	drought; dryness	About one-fifth of Bangladesh is flooded in every rainy season.
Nor'wester (NOR-WES-ter)	A summer thunderstorm.	thunderstorm; storm	calm	Nor'wester is more frequent in the late afternoon.
tornado (tor-NAY-doh)	A narrow, violent, funnel-shaped column of spiral winds.	spiral wind; storm	—	A tornado can cause severe crop destruction.

Answer Key

Higher temperature than usual can cause droughts.
Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.
Humidity is higher during the rainy season.
Monthly rainfall is higher during the rainy season.
A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather.
About one-fifth of Bangladesh is flooded in every rainy season.
Nor'wester is more frequent in the late afternoon.
A tornado can cause severe crop destruction.

Ex. Find the increase in rainfall from January to June.

Sol:
Increase = June rainfall − January rainfall
= 315 mm − 8 mm
= 307 mm
Ans. The increase is 307 mm.

Ex. Find the increase in rainfall from February to August.

Sol:
Increase = August rainfall − February rainfall
= 337 mm − 32 mm
= 305 mm
Ans. The increase is 305 mm.

Ex. Find the difference between the average humidity in July and January.

Sol:
Difference = July humidity − January humidity
= 79% − 54%
= 25 percentage points
Ans. The difference is 25 percentage points.

Ex. Find the average rainfall from June to August.

Sol:
Average rainfall = 315 + 329 + 3373 mm
= 9813 mm
= 327 mm
Ans. The average rainfall is 327 mm.

10. Vocabulary MCQ (1-10)

Weather and Climate Terms

1. What does rainfall mean in the chapter?

A. The amount of rain that falls

B. The force of air

C. Moving air

D. Dry weather

Sol: [A] Rainfall is the amount of rain that falls.

2. Which sentence uses forecast correctly?

A. The forecast helps us decide what to wear.

B. The forecast is the weight of air.

C. The forecast is a moving wind.

D. The forecast is a long dry period.

Sol: [A] A forecast is a statement about expected weather.

3. Which word means the average weather condition of an area over a long period?

A. Weather

B. Climate

C. Humidity

D. Forecast

Sol: [B] Climate describes the usual weather of an area for many years.

Air, Pressure and Wind

4. Air pressure is produced by the weight of ______.

A. water

B. sand

C. air

D. rain

Sol: [C] The chapter defines air pressure as the force produced by the weight of air.

5. From which area does wind blow toward a low-pressure area?

A. A high-pressure area

B. A dry area

C. A shaded area

D. A rainy area

Sol: [A] Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.

Humidity and Seasonal Weather

6. What does humidity measure?

A. The amount of moisture in the air

B. The speed of a cyclone

C. The height of a cloud

D. The length of a drought

Sol: [A] Humidity is the measure of moisture in the air.

7. Which condition is expected during the rainy season in Bangladesh?

A. Lower rainfall and lower humidity

B. Higher rainfall and higher humidity

C. No moisture in the air

D. Only dry cold winds

Sol: [B] The chapter states that rainfall and average humidity are higher during the rainy season.

Extreme Weather

8. Which situation best describes a drought?

A. A long period of dry weather

B. A revolving storm

C. A summer thunderstorm

D. A period of heavy rainfall

Sol: [A] A drought is usually a long period of dry weather caused by less rainfall and higher temperature.

9. Which word names the summer thunderstorm common in Bangladesh?

A. Cyclone

B. Nor'wester

C. Cold wave

D. Drought

Sol: [B] Nor'wester is the summer thunderstorm known as Kal-Baishakhi.

10. A large low-pressure system with a revolving storm is called a ______.

A. tornado

B. heat wave

C. cyclone

D. rainfall

Sol: [C] The chapter defines a cyclone as a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.

11. Quick Revision List

Word (Pronunciation)	Meaning	Synonyms	Antonyms	Example Sentence
weather (WEH-thər)	The temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place.	condition; state	—	Weather may change during the day.
climate (KLY-mət)	The average weather condition of an area over a long period.	pattern; condition	—	Climate helps people plan which crops to cultivate.
forecast (FOR-kast)	A statement about expected weather.	prediction; expectation	—	The forecast can guide our plans for the weekend.
temperature (TEM-prə-chər)	The degree of hotness or coldness.	heat; warmth	coldness	The temperature is higher over the warm land.
air pressure (AIR PRESH-ər)	The force produced by the weight of air pressing on Earth’s surface.	pressure; force	—	Air pressure develops over land and ocean.
wind (WIND)	Moving air.	air; breeze	stillness	Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.
humidity (hyoo-MID-uh-tee)	The amount of moisture in the air.	moisture; dampness	dryness	Humidity rises when moist air comes from the Bay of Bengal.
rainfall (RAYN-fawl)	The amount of rain that falls.	rain; rainwater	dryness	Heavy rainfall may occur during the rainy season.
heat wave (HEET wayv)	A prolonged period of excessively hot weather.	hot spell; extreme heat	cold wave	A severe heat wave can cause crop failure.
cold wave (KOHLD wayv)	A period of extreme low temperature associated with dry cold winds.	cold spell; severe cold	heat wave	A cold wave may bring dry winds from the north.
flood (FLUD)	The submergence of land by water.	inundation; floodwater	drought; dryness	Floodwater can submerge large areas of land.
drought (DROWT)	A usually long period of dry weather.	dry weather; less rainfall	flood; rainfall	A drought may follow less rainfall and higher temperature.
Nor’wester (NOR-westər)	A summer thunderstorm common in Bangladesh.	thunderstorm; storm	calm	Nor’wester is more frequent in the late afternoon.
tornado (tor-NAY-doh)	A narrow, violent, funnel-shaped column of spiral winds.	whirlwind; storm	calm	A tornado can cause severe crop destruction.
cyclone (SY-klone)	A large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.	storm; tropical cyclone	—	A cyclone may bring powerful winds and torrential rain.

◆ Key Points

Weather is the temporary state of the sky and atmosphere at a certain place.
Weather can differ from one place to another and from one time of day to another.
Climate is the average weather condition of an area over a long period.
Weather and climate are closely related, but they are not the same.
A weather forecast helps people decide what to wear and what to do.
Air pressure is produced by the weight of air pressing on Earth’s surface.
Wind blows from a high-pressure area toward a low-pressure area.
Humidity measures the amount of moisture in the air.
Rainfall and average humidity are higher during the rainy season than during winter.
A drought is a usually long period of dry weather caused by less rainfall and higher temperature than usual.
A cyclone is a large low-pressure system and a revolving storm.
Cyclones can bring powerful winds, torrential rain, and storm surges.

12. Practice Bank

1. Stimulus: A weather forecast gives information about the expected weather of a place. People use it before choosing their clothes and planning their activities.

ক) What is a weather forecast? [2 marks]

খ) Write two uses of a weather forecast. [4 marks]

গ) Explain why weather may be different at different places and at different times of the day. [4 marks]

2. Stimulus: During the day, land becomes warmer than the Bay of Bengal. The air above the warm land rises, while cooler air over the ocean sinks.

ক) What is air pressure? [2 marks]

খ) What pressure develops over the warm land during the day? Give a reason. [4 marks]

গ) Describe how wind blows between the high-pressure and low-pressure areas. [4 marks]

3. Stimulus: In Dhaka, monthly rainfall is 315 mm in June and 329 mm in July. The average humidity is 79% in both months. In January, rainfall is 8 mm and average humidity is 54%.

ক) What does humidity measure? [2 marks]

খ) Compare the rainfall and humidity of July with those of January. [4 marks]

গ) Explain why rainfall and average humidity are higher during the rainy season. [4 marks]

4. Stimulus: Bangladesh experiences several kinds of extreme weather. A heat wave brings excessively hot weather, while a cold wave is associated with dry cold winds from the north.

ক) What is a heat wave? [2 marks]

খ) Distinguish between a heat wave and a cold wave. [4 marks]

গ) Explain two possible effects of severe heat waves mentioned in the chapter. [4 marks]

5. Stimulus: Weather describes the condition of the sky and atmosphere for a short time. Climate describes the average weather condition of a certain area over a long period. The rainy season of Bangladesh usually begins in the middle of June and ends in August.

ক) What is climate? [2 marks]

খ) Write two differences between weather and climate. [4 marks]

গ) Explain how experience of climate helps people decide when to cultivate crops. [4 marks]