Textual Dictionary
CHAPTER EIGHT
Hindu Religion and Moral Values
Hindu Religion and Moral Values
Text note: Every word below is taken from this chapter. Meanings and explanations are given in English.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| welfare (WEL-fair) | The well-being and benefit of living beings. | benefit; well-being; good | harm; suffering; evil | Religion should ensure welfare for living beings. English explanation: Religion should help living beings live well. |
| harmful (HARM-ful) | Causing damage or suffering. | damaging; bad; hurtful | helpful; good; beneficial | Telling a lie is harmful to others. English explanation: A lie can hurt other people. |
| morality (muh-RAL-uh-tee) | The principle of good character and the intention to do good. | virtue; goodness; character | immorality; sin; evil | Morality is the value of good character. English explanation: Morality guides a person toward good conduct. |
| service (SUR-vis) | Work done for the welfare or pleasure of others. | help; care; assistance | neglect; refusal; harm | To serve living beings is to serve Ishwar. English explanation: Helping living beings is treated as a religious and moral act. |
| kindness (KIND-nis) | A feeling that leads someone to help and relieve the suffering of others. | sympathy; compassion; goodness | cruelty; unkindness; hatred | Kindness makes the mind soft and sympathetic. English explanation: Kindness helps a person care about the suffering of others. |
| devotion (di-VOH-shun) | Deep affection and respect for Ishwar or another respected person. | respect; dedication; affection | disrespect; neglect; indifference | We show devotion through worship. English explanation: Worship is one way of expressing deep respect. |
| patience (PAY-shuns) | The ability to remain calm and steady. | calmness; endurance; tolerance | impatience; anger; haste | A devotee keeps patience and accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner. English explanation: A devotee remains steady in both happiness and sadness. |
| honesty (ON-uh-stee) | The quality of being truthful and sincere. | truthfulness; sincerity; integrity | dishonesty; lying; deceit | Honesty is one of the five characteristics of human religion. English explanation: A truthful person follows an important moral quality. |
| purity (PYOOR-uh-tee) | Cleanliness in body and mind. | cleanliness; goodness; innocence | impurity; dirtiness; corruption | Purity is one of the five pillars of Hindu religion. English explanation: Purity means cleanliness of both the body and the mind. |
Number of dictionary entries: 8
1. How to Use This Sheet
- Read the chapter before studying this sheet.
- Cover the meaning column and test yourself on each word.
- Read the example sentences carefully.
- Use the example sentences as models for your own writing practice.
- Check the synonyms and antonyms to understand each word more clearly.
- Revise the key points and connect them with the chapter lessons.
Textual Dictionary
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| welfare (/ˈwelfeə/) | The well-being and benefit of living beings. | benefit; well-being; good | harm; suffering; evil | Religion should ensure welfare for living beings. |
| harmful (/ˈhɑːmfəl/) | Causing damage or suffering. | damaging; bad; hurtful | helpful; good; beneficial | Telling a lie is harmful to others. |
| morality (/məˈræləti/) | The principle of good character and the intention to do good. | virtue; goodness; character | immorality; sin; evil | Morality is the value of good character. |
| service (/ˈsɜːvɪs/) | Work done for the welfare or pleasure of others. | help; care; assistance | neglect; refusal; harm | To serve living beings is to serve Ishwar. |
| kindness (/ˈkaɪndnəs/) | A feeling that leads someone to help and relieve the suffering of others. | sympathy; compassion; goodness | cruelty; unkindness; hatred | Kindness makes the mind soft and sympathetic. |
| devotion (/dɪˈvəʊʃən/) | Deep affection and respect for Ishwar or another respected person. | respect; dedication; affection | disrespect; neglect; indifference | We show devotion through worship. |
| patience (/ˈpeɪʃəns/) | The ability to remain calm and steady. | calmness; endurance; tolerance | impatience; anger; haste | A devotee keeps patience and accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner. |
| honesty (/ˈɒnəsti/) | The quality of being truthful and sincere. | truthfulness; sincerity; integrity | dishonesty; lying; deceit | Honesty is one of the five characteristics of human religion. |
| purity (/ˈpjʊərəti/) | Cleanliness in body and mind. | cleanliness; goodness; innocence | impurity; dirtiness; corruption | Purity is one of the five pillars of Hindu religion. |
Number of dictionary entries: 8
◆Key Points
- Religion includes the special qualities and practices that ensure welfare for living beings.
- Religion also includes justice, rules, regulations, and the qualities of living beings or objects.
- The five characteristics of human religion are non-violence, no stealing, patience, purity in body and mind, and honesty.
- A good work ensures welfare for living beings and does not harm anyone.
- Morality is the intention to do good or bad after understanding the difference between good work and bad work.
- Service means work done for the welfare or pleasure of others.
- Serving living beings is both a religious behaviour and a moral value.
- Kindness means feeling the suffering of others and wanting to solve their problems.
- Devotion means deep affection and respect, and it can be shown through worship.
- A devotee accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner and keeps patience.
- Respect for parents, teachers, and elders is an indirect way of showing devotion to Ishwar.
- Performing duties without expecting the result, helping others, and practising non-violence form moral values.
2. Key Words - Main Table (1-15)
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| religion (ri-LIJ-un) | A system of principles, practices, and qualities that guides life and ensures welfare. | faith; belief; spirituality | disbelief; irreligion | Religion should guide people toward justice and welfare. Religion should guide people toward justice and welfare. |
| principles (PRIN-suh-pulz) | Basic rules or beliefs that guide conduct. | rules; values; doctrines | disorder; misconduct | We should follow the principles of life. We should follow the principles of life. |
| beliefs (bih-LEEFS) | Ideas or convictions accepted as true. | convictions; opinions; faith | doubt; disbelief; denial | Hindu religious beliefs encourage moral conduct. Hindu religious beliefs encourage moral conduct. |
| religious (ri-LIJ-us) | Connected with religion or its practices. | sacred; spiritual; devotional | secular; worldly; irreligious | Religious stories can inspire moral values. Religious stories can inspire moral values. |
| devotion (dih-VOH-shun) | Deep affection and respect for Ishwar or a respected person. | dedication; worship; reverence | disrespect; neglect; indifference | We show devotion through worship. We show devotion through worship. |
| moral (MOR-ul) | Related to right conduct and good character. | ethical; virtuous; righteous | immoral; unethical; wicked | Service to living beings is a moral value. Service to living beings is a moral value. |
| values (VAL-yooz) | Important beliefs or qualities that guide behaviour. | principles; standards; virtues | vices; corruption; misconduct | Kindness and honesty are important moral values. Kindness and honesty are important moral values. |
| welfare (WEL-fair) | The well-being and benefit of living beings. | well-being; benefit; good | harm; suffering; evil | Religion should ensure welfare for living beings. Religion should ensure welfare for living beings. |
| morality (muh-RAL-uh-tee) | The intention to do good or bad after understanding the difference between them. | ethics; virtue; goodness | immorality; sin; evil | Morality is the principle of good character. Morality is the principle of good character. |
| principle (PRIN-suh-pul) | A guiding rule or understanding of good and bad work. | rule; standard; doctrine | lawlessness; confusion; disorder | The understanding of good work and bad work is called principle. The understanding of good work and bad work is called principle. |
| non-violence (non-VY-uh-lens) | The practice of not harming living beings. | peace; gentleness; harmlessness | violence; cruelty; aggression | Non-violence is one of the five pillars of Hindu religion. Non-violence is one of the five pillars of Hindu religion. |
| patience (PAY-shuns) | The ability to remain calm and steady. | calmness; endurance; tolerance | impatience; anger; haste | A devotee keeps patience in joy and sorrow. A devotee keeps patience in joy and sorrow. |
| purity (PYOOR-uh-tee) | Cleanliness in body and mind. | cleanliness; goodness; innocence | impurity; dirtiness; corruption | Purity in body and mind is a pillar of Hindu religion. Purity in body and mind is a pillar of Hindu religion. |
| honesty (ON-uh-stee) | The quality of being truthful and sincere. | truthfulness; sincerity; integrity | dishonesty; lying; deceit | Honesty is one of the five characteristics of human religion. Honesty is one of the five characteristics of human religion. |
| harmful (HARM-ful) | Causing damage or suffering. | damaging; hurtful; bad | helpful; beneficial; harmless | Telling a lie is harmful to others. Telling a lie is harmful to others. |
Number of dictionary entries: 15
◆Key Points
- Religion includes special qualities and practices that ensure welfare for living beings.
- Religion also includes justice, rules, regulations, and the qualities of living beings or objects.
- The five characteristics of human religion are non-violence, no stealing, patience, purity in body and mind, and honesty.
- A good work ensures welfare for living beings and does not harm anyone.
- Morality is the intention to do good or bad after understanding the difference between good work and bad work.
- Service means work done for the welfare or pleasure of others.
- Serving living beings is both a religious behaviour and a moral value.
- Kindness means feeling the suffering of others and wanting to solve their problems.
- Devotion means deep affection and respect, and it can be shown through worship.
- A devotee accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner and keeps patience.
- Respect for parents, teachers, and elders is an indirect way of showing devotion to Ishwar.
- Performing duties without expecting the result, helping others, and practising non-violence form moral values.
3. Key Words - Main Table (16-30)
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| inspiration (in-spuh-RAY-shun) | Something that encourages a person to act well. | encouragement; motivation; stimulus | discouragement; hindrance; disinterest | Religious stories can provide inspiration for moral conduct. Religious stories can provide inspiration for moral conduct. |
| moral (MOR-ul) | Related to good conduct and right behaviour. | ethical; virtuous; righteous | immoral; wicked; unethical | Kindness is a moral quality. Kindness is a moral quality. |
| relationship (ri-LAY-shun-ship) | The connection between people. | connection; bond; association | separation; disagreement; isolation | A good relationship with others does not harm them. A good relationship with others does not harm them. |
| salvation (sal-VAY-shun) | Freedom of the soul from worldly bondage. | liberation; deliverance; freedom | bondage; captivity; suffering | Some religious activities are believed to bring salvation of the soul. Some religious activities are believed to bring salvation of the soul. |
| humanity (hyoo-MAN-i-tee) | The special moral nature of human beings. | humaneness; kindness; compassion | cruelty; inhumanity; brutality | Non-violence is a quality of humanity. Non-violence is a quality of humanity. |
| characteristics (kar-ik-tuh-RIS-tiks) | Special qualities that describe a person or thing. | qualities; features; traits | — | The chapter names five characteristics of human religion. The chapter names five characteristics of human religion. |
| justice (JUS-tis) | Fair treatment based on what is right. | fairness; equity; righteousness | injustice; unfairness; bias | Religion represents truth and justice. Religion represents truth and justice. |
| regulations (reg-yoo-LAY-shunz) | Rules that control conduct or activities. | rules; laws; directions | disorder; lawlessness; freedom | People should respect the regulations of social life. People should respect the regulations of social life. |
| qualities (KWOL-i-teez) | Features or traits of a person or thing. | attributes; characteristics; abilities | defects; weaknesses; faults | Kindness and patience are valuable qualities. Kindness and patience are valuable qualities. |
| practice (PRAK-tis) | The act of regularly doing something. | exercise; observance; training | neglect; abandonment; inaction | The practice of good conduct benefits society. The practice of good conduct benefits society. |
| created (kree-AY-tid) | Brought into existence. | made; formed; produced | destroyed; ended; removed | Hindu teaching says that Ishwar is served by helping created beings. Hindu teaching says that Ishwar is served by helping created beings. |
| instinct (IN-stinkt) | A natural feeling or tendency. | impulse; tendency; nature | reason; choice; calculation | Kindness is described as an important instinct for society. Kindness is described as an important instinct for society. |
| sympathetic (sim-puh-THET-ik) | Showing care for the suffering of others. | compassionate; caring; understanding | indifferent; cruel; uncaring | Kindness makes the mind soft and sympathetic. Kindness makes the mind soft and sympathetic. |
| dutifulness (DOO-tee-ful-nis) | The quality of performing one's responsibilities properly. | responsibility; obedience; commitment | negligence; carelessness; irresponsibility | Dutifulness is important in family and social life. Dutifulness is important in family and social life. |
| brotherhood (BRUH-thur-hood) | A feeling of unity and affection among people. | unity; fellowship; solidarity | hostility; division; hatred | Brotherhood helps people work together for social welfare. Brotherhood helps people work together for social welfare. |
Number of dictionary entries: 15
◆ Key Points
- Religion includes principles and practices that support the welfare of living beings.
- Religion is connected with truth, justice, rules, and regulations.
- Humanity is expressed through special qualities such as non-violence, patience, purity, and honesty.
- Salvation means freedom of the soul.
- A good relationship with others should not cause harm.
- Religious stories can provide inspiration for moral conduct.
- Kindness is a natural feeling that responds to the suffering of others.
- Sympathetic behaviour makes the mind soft and caring.
- Dutifulness means performing responsibilities with proper attention.
- Brotherhood promotes unity and cooperation in social life.
4. Subject Terms and Definitions
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| religion (REL-i-jən) | Special qualities and practices that ensure welfare and can bring salvation of the soul. Appears in Lesson 1. | principles (guiding rules); beliefs (accepted ideas); practices (regular actions) | — | Religion guides people to follow justice and rules of life. |
| morality (muh-RAL-i-tee) | The intention to do good or bad after understanding the difference between good work and bad work. Appears in Lesson 1. | moral values (values of good conduct); virtue (moral goodness); good character (upright character) | — | Morality helps a person choose good work. |
| principle (PRIN-suh-pul) | The understanding of good work and bad work. Appears in Lesson 1. | rules (guidelines); regulations (controlling rules); understanding (capacity to know) | — | A clear principle helps students recognise good conduct. |
| welfare (WEL-fair) | The well-being and benefit of living beings. Appears in Lessons 1 and 2. | well-being (good condition); benefit (helpful result); good (positive result) | harm (damage); suffering (pain) | Good work should protect the welfare of living beings. |
| salvation (sal-VAY-shən) | Freedom of the soul. Appears in Lesson 1. | freedom (release); liberation (being set free) | — | The practice of religion can bring salvation of the soul. |
| humanity (hyoo-MAN-i-tee) | The special characteristics of human beings, including non-violence, patience, purity and honesty. Appears in Lesson 1. | human religion (human moral qualities); qualities (special features); characteristics (describing features) | — | Humanity is shown through patience and honesty. |
| non-violence (non-VY-uh-ləns) | The practice of not harming living beings. Appears in Lessons 1, 2 and 5. | peace (absence of violence); kindness (care for others) | violence (harming); harm (damage) | Non-violence is one of the five characteristics of human religion. |
| service (SUR-vis) | Work done for the welfare or pleasure of others. Appears in Lesson 3. | work (activity); help (support); care (attention) | neglect (failure to care); harm (damage) | Providing food to a hungry person is a form of service. |
| kindness (KIND-nis) | A feeling of sadness for another person's suffering and a wish to solve the person's problem. Appears in Lesson 4. | sympathy (shared feeling); feeling (emotion); help (support) | cruelty (harshness); suffering (pain) | Kindness makes the mind soft and sympathetic. |
| devotion (dih-VOH-shən) | Deep affection and respect for Ishwar or a respected person. Appears in Lesson 5. | respect (honour); affection (deep liking); worship (religious tribute) | disrespect (lack of honour); neglect (lack of care) | A student may show devotion by respecting parents and teachers. |
| dutifulness (DOO-tee-ful-nis) | The quality of performing responsibilities properly and attentively. Appears in Lesson 6. | duty (responsibility); responsibility (required work); attention (careful focus) | neglect (failure to perform); carelessness (lack of attention) | Dutifulness helps a responsible person protect others. |
| brotherhood (BRUH-thər-hood) | Love and a feeling of unity among people. Appears in the chapter's discussion of moral values. | love (deep care); unity (being joined); affection (warm feeling) | division (separation); hatred (strong dislike) | Brotherhood encourages people to join in good work. |
◆ Key Points
- Religion includes special qualities and practices that ensure the welfare of living beings.
- Religion is connected with justice, rules and regulations, and the characteristics of living beings or objects.
- The five characteristics of human religion are non-violence, no stealing, patience, purity in body and mind, and honesty.
- Good work ensures welfare for living beings and does not harm anyone.
- Morality is the intention to do good or bad after understanding the difference between good work and bad work.
- Service is work done for the welfare or pleasure of others.
- Serving living beings is both a religious behaviour and a moral value.
- Kindness means feeling the suffering of others and wanting to solve their problems.
- Devotion becomes deeper when respect develops into deep affection.
- Respecting parents, teachers and elders is an indirect way of showing devotion to Ishwar.
- A devotee accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner and performs duties without expecting the result.
- Dutifulness means performing responsibilities with proper attention.
5. Words in Context
Read the passage first. The bold words are taken from the chapter and are used in connected sentences to show their meanings clearly.
In Hindu religion, welfare means caring for living beings. Service to others is a religious behaviour and a moral value. Kindness makes the mind soft and sympathetic, while devotion is shown through worship and respect. A devotee keeps patience, practises honesty, and accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner. Dutifulness helps people perform their responsibilities properly, and non-violence prevents harm. These qualities develop morality in individual and social life.
Study the meanings, related words, and example sentences below. Then write one new sentence with any two of the words.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| welfare (ওয়েলফেয়ার) | জীবজগতের কল্যাণ ও উপকার (the well-being and benefit of living beings) | benefit (উপকার); well-being (মঙ্গল); good (ভালো) | harm (ক্ষতি); suffering (দুঃখভোগ); evil (অমঙ্গল) | Religion should ensure welfare for living beings. ধর্মের উচিত জীবজগতের কল্যাণ নিশ্চিত করা। |
| service (সার্ভিস) | অন্যের কল্যাণ বা আনন্দের জন্য করা কাজ (work done for the welfare or pleasure of others) | help (সাহায্য); care (যত্ন); assistance (সহায়তা) | neglect (অবহেলা); refusal (অস্বীকৃতি); harm (ক্ষতি) | Providing food to a hungry person is a form of service. ক্ষুধার্ত মানুষকে খাবার দেওয়া সেবার একটি রূপ। |
| kindness (কাইন্ডনিস) | অন্যের কষ্ট অনুভব করে তা দূর করার ইচ্ছা (a feeling that leads someone to help others) | sympathy (সহানুভূতি); compassion (মমতা); goodness (সদ্গুণ) | cruelty (নিষ্ঠুরতা); unkindness (নির্দয়তা); suffering (কষ্ট) | Kindness makes the mind soft and sympathetic. দয়া মনকে কোমল ও সহানুভূতিশীল করে। |
| devotion (ডিভোশন) | গভীর অনুরাগ ও শ্রদ্ধা (deep affection and respect) | dedication (নিবেদন); worship (উপাসনা); reverence (শ্রদ্ধা) | disrespect (অশ্রদ্ধা); neglect (অবহেলা); indifference (উদাসীনতা) | We show devotion through worship. আমরা উপাসনার মাধ্যমে ভক্তি প্রকাশ করি। |
| respect (রিসপেক্ট) | শ্রদ্ধা বা সম্মান (honour and regard for someone) | honour (সম্মান); regard (মর্যাদা); esteem (শ্রদ্ধা) | disrespect (অশ্রদ্ধা); dishonour (অসম্মান); neglect (অবহেলা) | Respect for parents and teachers is an indirect way of showing devotion to Ishwar. মাতা-পিতা ও শিক্ষকদের সম্মান করা ঈশ্বরের প্রতি ভক্তি দেখানোর পরোক্ষ উপায়। |
| patience (পেশেন্স) | শান্ত ও স্থির থাকার ক্ষমতা (the ability to remain calm and steady) | calmness (শান্তভাব); endurance (সহনশীলতা); tolerance (সহিষ্ণুতা) | impatience (অধৈর্য); anger (রাগ); haste (তাড়াহুড়ো) | A devotee keeps patience and accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner. একজন ভক্ত ধৈর্য রাখেন এবং সুখ-দুঃখ একইভাবে গ্রহণ করেন। |
| honesty (অনেস্টি) | সত্যবাদী ও আন্তরিক হওয়ার গুণ (the quality of being truthful and sincere) | truthfulness (সত্যবাদিতা); sincerity (আন্তরিকতা); integrity (সততা) | dishonesty (অসততা); lying (মিথ্যাচার); deceit (প্রতারণা) | Honesty is one of the five characteristics of human religion. সততা মানবধর্মের পাঁচটি বৈশিষ্ট্যের একটি। |
| dutifulness (ডিউটিফুলনিস) | দায়িত্ব যথাযথভাবে ও মনোযোগ দিয়ে পালন করার গুণ (the quality of performing responsibilities properly) | duty (দায়িত্ব); responsibility (কর্তব্য); attention (মনোযোগ) | neglect (অবহেলা); carelessness (অসতর্কতা); irresponsibility (দায়িত্বহীনতা) | Dutifulness helps a responsible person protect others. কর্তব্যপরায়ণতা একজন দায়িত্বশীল মানুষকে অন্যদের রক্ষা করতে সাহায্য করে। |
| non-violence (নন-ভায়োলেন্স) | জীবজন্তুর ক্ষতি না করার নীতি (the practice of not harming living beings) | peace (শান্তি); kindness (দয়া); harmlessness (অহিংসা) | violence (হিংসা); harm (ক্ষতি); cruelty (নিষ্ঠুরতা) | Non-violence is one of the five characteristics of human religion. অহিংসা মানবধর্মের পাঁচটি বৈশিষ্ট্যের একটি। |
| morality (মোর্যালিটি) | ভালো চরিত্র ও ভালো কাজের উদ্দেশ্যের নীতি (the principle of good character and the intention to do good) | ethics (নৈতিকতা); virtue (সদ্গুণ); goodness (সৎভাব) | immorality (অনৈতিকতা); sin (পাপ); evil (অমঙ্গল) | Morality is the principle of good character. নৈতিকতা ভালো চরিত্রের নীতি। |
- Write the Bengali meaning of any three bold words.
- Use any two words from the table in original English sentences.
6. Exercise 1 - Match the Meaning
Match each word with its correct meaning. The meanings are shuffled.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. welfare (WEL-fair) | G. Deep affection and respect for Ishwar or a respected person. | well-being; benefit; good | harm; suffering; evil | Religion should ensure welfare for living beings. |
| 2. morality (muh-RAL-uh-tee) | J. The ability to remain calm and steady. | ethics; virtue; goodness | immorality; sin; evil | Morality is the principle of good character. |
| 3. service (SUR-vis) | C. The quality of being truthful and sincere. | help; care; assistance | neglect; refusal; harm | To serve living beings is to serve Ishwar. |
| 4. kindness (KIND-nis) | I. The practice of not harming living beings. | sympathy; compassion; goodness | cruelty; unkindness; hatred | Kindness makes the mind soft and sympathetic. |
| 5. devotion (di-VOH-shun) | A. Work done for the welfare or pleasure of others. | dedication; worship; respect | disrespect; neglect; indifference | We show devotion through worship. |
| 6. respect (ri-SPEKT) | F. A feeling that leads someone to help and relieve the suffering of others. | honour; regard; esteem | disrespect; dishonour; neglect | Respect for parents and teachers shows devotion to Ishwar. |
| 7. patience (PAY-shuns) | D. The intention to do good or bad after understanding the difference between them. | calmness; endurance; tolerance | impatience; anger; haste | A devotee keeps patience and accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner. |
| 8. honesty (ON-uh-stee) | H. The quality of performing responsibilities properly and carefully. | truthfulness; sincerity; integrity | dishonesty; lying; deceit | Honesty is one of the five characteristics of human religion. |
| 9. dutifulness (DOO-ti-ful-nis) | B. The well-being and benefit of living beings. | duty; responsibility; attention | neglect; carelessness; irresponsibility | Dutifulness helps a responsible person protect others. |
| 10. non-violence (non-VY-uh-lens) | E. The principle of good character and the intention to do good. | peace; kindness; harmlessness | violence; harm; cruelty | Non-violence is one of the five characteristics of human religion. |
Answer Key
1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-F, 5-G, 6-J, 7-C, 8-E, 9-H, 10-I
1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-F, 5-G, 6-J, 7-C, 8-E, 9-H, 10-I
7. Exercise 2 - Fill in the Blanks
Fill in each blank with the correct word from the word bank.
Word Bank: honesty, service, patience, welfare, devotion, kindness, morality, purity, dutifulness, non-violence
- Providing food to a hungry person is a form of __________.
- A devotee accepts joy and sorrow with __________.
- The intention to do good or bad after understanding the difference between them is called __________.
- The five pillars of Hindu religion include __________ in body and mind.
- Feeling the suffering of others and wishing to solve their problems shows __________.
- Performing responsibilities properly and carefully is called __________.
- A truthful and sincere person shows __________.
- Respect and deep affection for Ishwar are expressions of __________.
- Religion should ensure the __________ of living beings.
- The practice of not harming living beings is known as __________.
Answer Key: 1. service; 2. patience; 3. morality; 4. purity; 5. kindness; 6. dutifulness; 7. honesty; 8. devotion; 9. welfare; 10. non-violence
8. Exercise 3 - Synonyms and Antonyms
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| welfare (WEL-fair) | The well-being and benefit of living beings. | benefit; good | harm; suffering | Service to living beings ensures their welfare. Helping living beings supports their well-being. |
| harmful (HARM-ful) | Causing damage or suffering. | bad; harm | good; helpful | Smoking is a harmful act. Smoking can cause damage. |
| morality (muh-RAL-uh-tee) | The intention to do good or bad after understanding the difference. | principle; value | bad; sin | Morality guides a person towards good work. It helps a person choose good conduct. |
| service (SUR-vis) | Work done for the welfare or pleasure of others. | help; work | neglect; harm | Providing food to a hungry person is service. Food given to the hungry is an act of help. |
| kindness (KIND-nis) | A feeling that leads someone to help and relieve suffering. | help; sympathy | suffering; harm | Kindness makes the mind soft and sympathetic. A kind person wants to help others. |
| devotion (di-VOH-shun) | Deep affection and respect for Ishwar or a respected person. | respect; affection | neglect; — | We show devotion through worship. Worship expresses deep respect. |
| patience (PAY-shuns) | The ability to remain calm and steady. | calm; steady | — | A devotee keeps patience in joy and sorrow. A devotee remains steady in both situations. |
| honesty (ON-uh-stee) | The quality of being truthful and sincere. | truthful; sincere | lying; — | Honesty is a characteristic of human religion. An honest person follows truth. |
| purity (PYOOR-uh-tee) | Cleanliness in body and mind. | cleanliness; — | — | Purity in body and mind is a pillar of Hindu religion. Both body and mind should remain clean. |
| dutifulness (DOO-ti-ful-nis) | The quality of performing responsibilities properly and carefully. | responsibility; duty | neglect; carelessness | Dutifulness helps a responsible person protect others. A dutiful person performs responsibilities carefully. |
Choose the correct synonym or antonym.
- Choose the synonym of welfare: a) benefit b) harm c) suffering
- Choose the antonym of harmful: a) bad b) good c) harm
- Choose the synonym of morality: a) value b) sin c) bad
- Choose the antonym of service: a) help b) work c) neglect
- Choose the synonym of kindness: a) suffering b) sympathy c) harm
- Choose the synonym of devotion: a) respect b) neglect c) harm
- Choose the synonym of patience: a) calm b) sorrow c) harm
- Choose the antonym of honesty: a) truthful b) sincere c) lying
- Choose the synonym of purity: a) cleanliness b) harm c) neglect
- Choose the antonym of dutifulness: a) responsibility b) carelessness c) duty
Answer Key: 1-a, 2-b, 3-a, 4-c, 5-b, 6-a, 7-a, 8-c, 9-a, 10-b
9. Exercise 4 - Make Sentences
Use each word in a meaningful sentence. Read the model sentences in the answer key below.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| inspiration (ইন্সপিরেশন) | A feeling or influence that encourages good action. | encouragement; influence; motivation | discouragement; indifference; apathy | The stories of great people give us inspiration to act morally. |
| humanity (হিউম্যানিটি) | The special moral quality of human beings. | humanness; compassion; kindness | cruelty; inhumanity; brutality | Non-violence and honesty are qualities of humanity. |
| justice (জাস্টিস) | Fairness and right treatment. | fairness; equity; righteousness | injustice; unfairness; oppression | Religion teaches us to establish justice in society. |
| salvation (স্যালভেশন) | Freedom of the soul. | liberation; deliverance; freedom | bondage; captivity; suffering | Religious practice can bring salvation of the soul. |
| worship (ওয়ারশিপ) | An act of showing devotion to Ishwar or the gods and goddesses. | prayer; devotion; reverence | disrespect; neglect; irreverence | We show our devotion through worship. |
| kindness (কাইন্ডনেস) | A feeling that leads us to help suffering people. | compassion; sympathy; goodness | cruelty; hatred; unkindness | Kindness makes our minds soft and sympathetic. |
| devotion (ডিভোশন) | Deep affection and respect for Ishwar or a respected person. | dedication; worship; reverence | disrespect; neglect; indifference | Devotion to Ishwar inspires a person to help living beings. |
| dutifulness (ডিউটিফুলনেস) | The quality of performing responsibilities properly and carefully. | responsibility; care; conscientiousness | neglect; carelessness; irresponsibility | Dutifulness helps a student perform responsibilities carefully. |
Number of dictionary entries: 8
Model Sentence Series
Ex. Make a sentence with inspiration.
Sol: Key idea: a good story encourages moral action.
Model sentence: The story of Rantideva gives us inspiration to serve hungry people.
Ans. The story of Rantideva gives us inspiration to serve hungry people.
Model sentence: The story of Rantideva gives us inspiration to serve hungry people.
Ans. The story of Rantideva gives us inspiration to serve hungry people.
Ex. Make a sentence with justice.
Sol: Key idea: religion supports fairness.
Model sentence: The Chakra represents justice in Hindu religion.
Ans. The Chakra represents justice in Hindu religion.
Model sentence: The Chakra represents justice in Hindu religion.
Ans. The Chakra represents justice in Hindu religion.
Ex. Make a sentence with salvation.
Sol: Key idea: religious practice frees the soul.
Model sentence: Good religious practice can bring salvation of the soul.
Ans. Good religious practice can bring salvation of the soul.
Model sentence: Good religious practice can bring salvation of the soul.
Ans. Good religious practice can bring salvation of the soul.
Ex. Make a sentence with worship.
Sol: Key idea: worship expresses devotion.
Model sentence: We offer worship to show our respect to Ishwar.
Ans. We offer worship to show our respect to Ishwar.
Model sentence: We offer worship to show our respect to Ishwar.
Ans. We offer worship to show our respect to Ishwar.
Ex. Make a sentence with dutifulness.
Sol: Key idea: a responsible person performs duties carefully.
Model sentence: Dutifulness helps a student study well and protect others.
Ans. Dutifulness helps a student study well and protect others.
Model sentence: Dutifulness helps a student study well and protect others.
Ans. Dutifulness helps a student study well and protect others.
10. Vocabulary MCQ (1-10)
Practice Questions
Meanings in Context
1. What does welfare mean in the chapter?
A. harm to living beings
B. well-being and benefit
C. refusal to help
D. personal anger
Sol: [B] Welfare means the well-being and benefit of living beings.
2. Which sentence uses morality correctly?
A. Morality guides a person toward good conduct.
B. Morality is a kind of mountain.
C. Morality means avoiding all duties.
D. Morality is a physical illness.
Sol: [A] Morality is connected with good character and good conduct.
3. In the chapter, service is work done for the welfare or pleasure of whom?
A. others
B. only oneself
C. no one
D. only animals
Sol: [A] Service means work done for the welfare or pleasure of others.
Moral Qualities
4. What does kindness lead a person to do?
A. increase suffering
B. ignore hungry people
C. help and relieve suffering
D. practise violence
Sol: [C] Kindness means feeling the suffering of others and wanting to help them.
5. Which action shows honesty?
A. telling a lie
B. speaking truthfully
C. harming a person
D. neglecting responsibility
Sol: [B] Honesty is the quality of being truthful and sincere.
6. What is meant by purity in Hindu religion?
A. cleanliness in body and mind
B. wealth in society
C. physical strength only
D. freedom from study
Sol: [A] Purity means cleanliness of both the body and the mind.
Devotion and Conduct
7. Which action is an example of devotion?
A. worshipping Ishwar
B. refusing to help others
C. telling lies
D. causing suffering
Sol: [A] Devotion is deep affection and respect shown through acts such as worship.
8. A devotee accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner. Which word best describes this quality?
A. haste
B. patience
C. cruelty
D. dishonesty
Sol: [B] Patience is the ability to remain calm and steady.
Learning and Responsibility
9. What does inspiration give a person?
A. encouragement to act morally
B. permission to harm others
C. a reason to neglect duties
D. a feeling of hatred
Sol: [A] Inspiration is a feeling or influence that encourages good action.
10. Which sentence best shows dutifulness?
A. A student avoids studying.
B. A student performs responsibilities carefully.
C. A student harms classmates.
D. A student refuses every duty.
Sol: [B] Dutifulness means performing responsibilities properly and carefully.
11. Quick Revision List
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| religion (রিলিজন) | A practice and set of qualities that ensure welfare and may bring salvation. | faith (বিশ্বাস); belief (বিশ্বাস); spirituality (আধ্যাত্মিকতা) | disbelief (অবিশ্বাস); irreligion (ধর্মহীনতা) | Religion asks people to follow principles of life. ধর্ম মানুষকে জীবনের নীতি অনুসরণ করতে বলে। |
| morality (মোর্যালিটি) | The intention to do good or bad after understanding the difference between them. | ethics (নৈতিকতা); virtue (সদ্গুণ); goodness (ভালোত্ব) | immorality (অনৈতিকতা); sin (পাপ); evil (অমঙ্গল) | Morality helps a person choose good work. নৈতিকতা একজন মানুষকে ভালো কাজ বেছে নিতে সাহায্য করে। |
| welfare (ওয়েলফেয়ার) | The well-being and benefit of living beings. | benefit (উপকার); well-being (মঙ্গল); good (কল্যাণ) | harm (ক্ষতি); suffering (দুঃখ); evil (অমঙ্গল) | Good work supports the welfare of living beings. ভালো কাজ জীবজন্তুর কল্যাণে সহায়তা করে। |
| service (সার্ভিস) | Work done for the welfare or pleasure of others. | help (সাহায্য); care (যত্ন); assistance (সহায়তা) | neglect (অবহেলা); refusal (অস্বীকৃতি); harm (ক্ষতি) | Nursing a sick person is a form of service. অসুস্থ ব্যক্তির সেবা করা এক ধরনের সেবা। |
| kindness (কাইন্ডনেস) | A feeling that leads someone to help and relieve the suffering of others. | sympathy (সহানুভূতি); compassion (মমতা); goodness (ভালোত্ব) | cruelty (নিষ্ঠুরতা); unkindness (নির্দয়তা); hatred (ঘৃণা) | Kindness makes society better. দয়া সমাজকে আরও ভালো করে। |
| devotion (ডিভোশন) | Deep affection and respect for Ishwar or a respected person. | dedication (নিবেদন); worship (উপাসনা); reverence (শ্রদ্ধা) | disrespect (অশ্রদ্ধা); neglect (অবহেলা); indifference (উদাসীনতা) | A student may show devotion by respecting teachers. একজন শিক্ষার্থী শিক্ষকদের সম্মান করে ভক্তি প্রকাশ করতে পারে। |
| respect (রিসপেক্ট) | A feeling of honour for parents, teachers, elders, or Ishwar. | honour (সম্মান); regard (মর্যাদা); reverence (শ্রদ্ধা) | disrespect (অশ্রদ্ধা); contempt (অবজ্ঞা) | Respect for elders is an indirect way of showing devotion to Ishwar. বয়োজ্যেষ্ঠদের সম্মান করা ঈশ্বরের প্রতি ভক্তি দেখানোর পরোক্ষ উপায়। |
| dutifulness (ডিউটিফুলনেস) | The quality of performing responsibilities carefully. | responsibility (দায়িত্ব); duty (কর্তব্য); attention (মনোযোগ) | neglect (অবহেলা); irresponsibility (দায়িত্বহীনতা) | Dutifulness helps a student study well. কর্তব্যপরায়ণতা একজন শিক্ষার্থীকে ভালোভাবে পড়তে সাহায্য করে। |
| patience (পেশেন্স) | The ability to remain calm and steady. | calmness (শান্তভাব); endurance (সহনশীলতা); tolerance (সহিষ্ণুতা) | impatience (অধৈর্যতা); anger (রাগ); haste (তাড়াহুড়ো) | Patience helps a devotee remain steady in difficulty. ধৈর্য একজন ভক্তকে কঠিন অবস্থায় স্থির থাকতে সাহায্য করে। |
| purity (পিউরিটি) | Cleanliness in body and mind. | cleanliness (পরিচ্ছন্নতা); goodness (ভালোত্ব); innocence (নিষ্পাপতা) | impurity (অশুদ্ধতা); dirtiness (অপরিচ্ছন্নতা); corruption (দুর্নীতি) | Purity is a pillar of Hindu religion. পবিত্রতা হিন্দু ধর্মের একটি স্তম্ভ। |
| honesty (অনেস্টি) | The quality of being truthful and sincere. | truthfulness (সত্যবাদিতা); sincerity (আন্তরিকতা); integrity (সততা) | dishonesty (অসততা); lying (মিথ্যা বলা); deceit (প্রতারণা) | Honesty protects a person's character. সততা একজন মানুষের চরিত্র রক্ষা করে। |
| non-violence (নন-ভায়োলেন্স) | The practice of not harming living beings. | peace (শান্তি); kindness (দয়া); harmlessness (অহিংসা) | violence (সহিংসতা); cruelty (নিষ্ঠুরতা); harm (ক্ষতি) | Non-violence is one of the five characteristics of human religion. অহিংসা মানবধর্মের পাঁচটি বৈশিষ্ট্যের একটি। |
Number of revision entries: 12
◆ Key Points
- Religion includes principles, rules, justice, special qualities, and practices that ensure welfare for living beings.
- Religion may also include activities that bring eternal salvation, or freedom of the soul.
- The five characteristics of human religion are non-violence, no stealing, patience, purity in body and mind, and honesty.
- Good work ensures welfare for living beings and does not harm anyone.
- Morality means understanding the difference between good work and bad work and intending to do good or bad.
- Service is work done for the welfare or pleasure of others.
- Serving living beings is both a religious behaviour and a moral value because Ishwar exists in every living being as the soul.
- Kindness means feeling the suffering of others and wanting to solve their problems.
- Devotion is deeper than ordinary respect and may be shown through worship.
- Respecting parents, teachers, and elders is an indirect way of showing devotion to Ishwar.
- A devotee accepts joy and sorrow in the same manner and keeps patience.
- Performing duties without expecting the result, helping others, and practising non-violence form moral values.
12. Practice Bank
1. A student studies carefully and performs the duties given to him. At a level crossing, the responsible person blocks the road on both sides when a train comes.
(ক) What is dutifulness? [2 marks]
(খ) Explain why students should perform their duties properly. [4 marks]
(গ) Describe how neglecting responsibility may affect a family or society. [4 marks]
(ক) What is dutifulness? [2 marks]
(খ) Explain why students should perform their duties properly. [4 marks]
(গ) Describe how neglecting responsibility may affect a family or society. [4 marks]
2. A hungry person comes to a house, and the family gives him food. In the chapter, serving a guest, caring for a patient, and helping a hungry person are described as forms of service. Rantideva also gave food to the hungry after fasting for 48 days.
(ক) What is service? [2 marks]
(খ) Explain two ways of serving others mentioned in the chapter. [4 marks]
(গ) Explain why service to living beings is both a religious behaviour and a moral value. [4 marks]
(ক) What is service? [2 marks]
(খ) Explain two ways of serving others mentioned in the chapter. [4 marks]
(গ) Explain why service to living beings is both a religious behaviour and a moral value. [4 marks]
3. Mira respects her parents, teachers, and elders. She also utters the name of Ishwar, praises His kindness, and performs worship. She remains patient in joy and sorrow and does her duties without expecting the result.
(ক) What is devotion? [2 marks]
(খ) Distinguish between direct and indirect devotion to Ishwar. [4 marks]
(গ) Discuss the moral qualities shown by Mira in the situation. [4 marks]
(ক) What is devotion? [2 marks]
(খ) Distinguish between direct and indirect devotion to Ishwar. [4 marks]
(গ) Discuss the moral qualities shown by Mira in the situation. [4 marks]
4. During worship, a student observes several symbols. The Swastika reminds people of peace, the Chakra is connected with justice and courage, and the Shankha expresses welfare and unity in good work.
(ক) What does the Swastika symbolise? [2 marks]
(খ) Explain the meanings of the Chakra and the Shankha. [4 marks]
(গ) Show how symbols and worship can express the moral values of Hindu religion. [4 marks]
(ক) What does the Swastika symbolise? [2 marks]
(খ) Explain the meanings of the Chakra and the Shankha. [4 marks]
(গ) Show how symbols and worship can express the moral values of Hindu religion. [4 marks]