Unit Six: Adolescence - Text Analysis | ENGLISH FOR TODAY Classes XI-XII & Alim

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UNIT SIX

Adolescence

Unit Six: Adolescence

৬.১ শিখনফল ও বিশ্লেষণের ধরন

📌 পাঠ সম্পর্কিত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়াদি

Adolescence is the period of physical and psychological development after childhood and before adulthood: “adolescence (13 to 18 years).”
The passage presents infancy, early childhood, later childhood and adolescence as stages of human growth: “Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become adults.”
The World Health Organisation describes adolescence as a major transition marked by fast-paced growth and change: “this phase represents one of the critical transitions in human life span.”
Puberty marks the biological passage from childhood to adolescence: “the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence.”
The duration and defining characteristics of adolescence may vary according to time, culture and socio-economic situation: “may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations.”
Adolescence prepares a person for adulthood through identity development, skill acquisition, adult relationships, roles and abstract reasoning: “a period of preparation for adulthood.”
Adolescents may face risks connected with alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, injuries, unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and mental-health problems: “a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems.”
Adolescents are different from both children and adults because they are not fully capable of understanding complex concepts, consequences and health decision-making: “Adolescents are different both from young children and adults.”
Families, communities, schools, health services and workplaces should help adolescents develop coping skills and move successfully towards adulthood: “Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces.”
Bangladesh has ২৮ million adolescents, including ১৩.৭ million girls and ১৪.৩ million boys: “There are 28 million adolescents in Bangladesh.”
In Bangladesh, the legal age of marriage is ১৮ for girls and ২১ for boys, although many girls marry earlier: “the legal age of marriage is 18 for girls and 21 for boys.”
Early marriage can cause school dropout, domestic work, marginalisation, dowry-related violence and serious pregnancy or childbirth risks: “she becomes vulnerable to all forms of abuse, including dowry-related violence.”

৬.২ বিশ্লেষণের কাঠামো

Analysis Framework

১. Identify the theme: What central idea is repeated? Look for statements such as “Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become adults.”

২. Identify the tone: Is the writer informative, concerned or advisory? Evidence: “this phase represents one of the critical transitions in human life span.”

৩. Identify the characters or groups: Who is discussed, and what does the passage say about them? Evidence: “Adolescents are different both from young children and adults.”

৪. Identify the literary or rhetorical device: Is an idea explained through contrast, listing, repetition or cause and effect? Evidence of contrast: “after childhood and before adulthood.”

৫. Verify every answer with a short quotation from the passage; do not add an event, character or claim that is absent from the text.

Analysis Reference Card

১. Theme = repeated central idea

২. Tone = writer’s attitude shown by word choice

৩. Character or group = person or social group under discussion

৪. Evidence = claim + short exact quotation

৫. Contrast = two different conditions placed together

৬. Cause and effect = reason → result

৭. Listing = several related risks, duties or stages presented together

৮. Structure = opening idea → explanation → evidence → consequence → response

Type-১ : Theme Identification

Shortcut Method

Find the idea that connects the largest number of sentences. Then confirm it with a direct quotation.

Remember: The passage discusses growth, transition, preparation for adulthood and support for adolescents. Evidence: “a period of preparation for adulthood.”

Solved example:
Question: What is the main theme of Lesson 1?
Answer: The main theme is adolescence as a period of growth, change and preparation for adulthood.
Evidence: “This period has seen many changes over the past century” and “a period of preparation for adulthood.”

Practice question: Why can adolescence be called a transition period?

Solution: Adolescence can be called a transition period because it comes after childhood and before adulthood and includes rapid physical and psychological change.
Evidence: “after childhood and before adulthood” and “characterised by fast paced growth and change.”

Type-২ : Tone Identification

Shortcut Method

Notice whether the passage mainly informs, warns, describes a problem or advises collective action. Match the tone with the strongest evidence.

Remember: The tone is mainly informative and concerned. It gives factual descriptions and also draws attention to risks. Evidence: “Adolescents may face pressure to use alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs.”

Solved example:
Question: What is the tone of the discussion on adolescent health?
Answer: The tone is concerned and informative because the passage lists health risks without using an emotional story.
Evidence: “a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems.”

Practice question: What tone is shown when the passage discusses the responsibilities of families and institutions?

Solution: The tone is advisory and responsible because the passage explains what families, communities, schools and services should do.
Evidence: “have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment.”

Type-৩ : Character and Group Analysis

Shortcut Method

List the people or groups named in the passage, write their condition or role, and attach one exact quotation to each point.

Remember: This is an expository passage, so it presents groups rather than fictional characters.

Group	Role or condition	Evidence
Adolescents	They pass through growth, change and preparation for adulthood.	“Adolescents depend on their families”
Families and communities	They support development and adjustment.	“Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools”
Parents and service providers	They should promote development and intervene when problems arise.	“have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development”

Practice question: How does the passage present adolescents?

Solution: The passage presents adolescents as young people undergoing rapid change, facing possible risks and needing support from social institutions.
Evidence: “characterised by fast paced growth and change” and “make a successful transition from childhood to adulthood.”

Type-৪ : Rhetorical Device Identification

Shortcut Method

Check whether the writer places opposites together, gives a series of items, or links a condition with its result. Name only the device supported by the wording.

Remember: The passage uses contrast and listing to make its explanation clear.

Device	Example	Effect
Contrast	“after childhood and before adulthood”	Shows adolescence as an in-between stage.
Listing	“alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs”	Shows the range of possible risks.
Cause and effect	“Behaviour patterns that are established during this period”	Connects adolescent behaviour with later health and well-being.

Practice question: Which device is used in “Adolescents are different both from young children and adults”?

Solution: Contrast is used because adolescents are compared with two other age groups: young children and adults.
Evidence: “Adolescents are different both from young children and adults.”

Integrated Practice

Question: Analyse the structure of the passage in four stages.

Solution:

Opening: It introduces the stages of human growth.
Evidence: “there are four or five such stages of growth”

Explanation: It defines adolescence and describes its biological transition.
Evidence: “the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence.”

Problems: It identifies health, social and mental-health risks.
Evidence: “a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems.”

Response: It calls for support from families and institutions.
Evidence: “make a successful transition from childhood to adulthood.”

৬.৩ Type-১ : সারসংক্ষেপ ও ঘটনাক্রম

Summary: The passage presents adolescence as a significant stage between childhood and adulthood. Human growth moves through infancy, early childhood, later childhood and adolescence, and each stage prepares a person for the next one. Adolescence is marked by rapid physical and psychological change, especially with the onset of puberty. The duration and features of this stage may differ across cultures and socio-economic situations. Evidence: "Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become adults."

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
To summarise the passage, follow four steps: identify the opening idea, trace the explanation of adolescence, note the risks or problems, and finish with the suggested response. For analysis, identify the theme from the repeated central idea, the tone from the writer’s attitude, and the rhetorical device from contrast, listing or cause and effect. Evidence for the transition theme: "after childhood and before adulthood."

Know this: The main theme is adolescence as a period of growth, transition and preparation for adulthood. The tone is informative and concerned: the writer gives factual explanations but also mentions health and adjustment problems. Contrast appears in the phrase "after childhood and before adulthood"; listing appears in "alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs." A strong summary should not introduce an event, character or opinion that is absent from the passage.

Solved example: Question: How does the passage develop its main idea? Answer: It begins by placing adolescence within the stages of human growth, defines it as a transition connected with puberty, explains its preparation for adult life and possible risks, and finally emphasises support from families and institutions. Evidence: "the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence" and "Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces."

ক্রম	ঘটনা	গুরুত্ব
1	Children pass through several stages of growth before becoming adults.	This establishes the wider framework of human development. Evidence: "Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become adults."
2	The World Health Organisation identifies adolescence as the period after childhood and before adulthood.	It gives the central definition of adolescence. Evidence: "after childhood and before adulthood."
3	Puberty marks the biological passage from childhood to adolescence.	It explains the biological basis of the transition. Evidence: "the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence."
4	Adolescence prepares a person for adult relationships, roles and abstract reasoning.	It shows that adolescence is a preparation period, not merely an age range. Evidence: "a period of preparation for adulthood."
5	Adolescents may experience health, social and mental-health risks.	It introduces the problems requiring attention. Evidence: "a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems."
6	Families, communities, schools and services should support adolescents.	It provides the social response needed for a successful transition. Evidence: "make a successful transition from childhood to adulthood."
7	Bangladesh has 28 million adolescents, and early marriage creates serious risks for many girls.	It connects the general discussion with the national context. Evidence: "There are 28 million adolescents in Bangladesh."

Practice question: Why is the final part of the passage important? Solution: The final part is important because it shifts the discussion from describing adolescent development and risks to identifying the responsibilities of families, communities, schools, health services and workplaces. It therefore completes the passage with a practical social response. Evidence: "Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces."

৬.৪ Type-১ অনুশীলন ও উত্তর

Type-১ : Theme Identification

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
Find the idea that links the largest number of sentences. Check whether the same idea appears in the definition, explanation, risks and social response. Confirm the theme with one short exact quotation.

জেনে রাখুন: A theme is not a single detail. It is the repeated central idea developed throughout the passage.

Solved example: What central theme is developed in the passage?

Answer: The central theme is adolescence as a major stage of human development in which young people experience rapid change, prepare for adulthood, face possible risks and require support from families and social institutions.

The passage first places adolescence among the stages of growth: “Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become adults.” It then defines adolescence as a period after childhood and before adulthood, explains its preparation for adult life, mentions health and adjustment problems, and ends by describing collective support. The idea of preparation is stated directly in the quotation: “a period of preparation for adulthood.”

Practice question: Why is adolescence presented as more than an age range?

Solution: Adolescence is presented as more than an age range because it involves physical and psychological development, identity formation, skill acquisition, adult relationships, roles and abstract reasoning. It also includes risks and the need for social support. Evidence: “The time of adolescence is a period of preparation for adulthood” and “characterised by fast-paced growth and change.”

Type-১ : Tone Identification

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
Separate factual statements from warning or advice. If the writer explains facts and also highlights dangers, identify the tone as informative and concerned. If duties are emphasised, include an advisory tone.

জেনে রাখুন: Tone means the writer’s attitude. Use the strongest words and the passage’s overall purpose as evidence, not personal feeling.

Solved example: What is the overall tone of the passage?

Answer: The overall tone is informative and concerned, with an advisory quality at the end.

The writer gives factual information about growth, puberty, social variation and the adolescent population. At the same time, the passage draws attention to risks such as substance use, injuries, unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and mental-health problems. This concern is supported by the quotation: “a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems.” The advisory quality appears when social institutions are assigned responsibility: “Parents, members of the community, service providers, and social institutions have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment.”

Practice question: How does the tone change when the passage discusses families and institutions?

Solution: The tone becomes advisory and responsible because the writer moves from describing adolescent conditions to explaining what families, communities, schools, health services and workplaces should do. The purpose is to encourage effective support and intervention. Evidence: “Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces.”

Type-১ : Structure and Paragraph Focus

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
Read the passage from beginning to end and assign one function to each part: opening framework → definition and transition → preparation and risks → comparison → support and response. Then match each function with a short quotation.

জেনে রাখুন: Structure shows how the writer develops an idea. Do not treat every sentence as a separate event; group sentences according to their function.

Solved example: How does the passage develop its discussion of adolescence?

Answer: The passage develops its discussion in five connected movements.

Stage	Function	Evidence
Opening	It places adolescence within human growth.	“four or five such stages of growth”
Definition	It identifies adolescence as the period between childhood and adulthood.	“after childhood and before adulthood”
Development	It explains puberty, preparation and possible risks.	“the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence”
Comparison	It distinguishes adolescents from children and adults.	“Adolescents are different both from young children and adults.”
Response	It presents social support as necessary for successful transition.	“make a successful transition from childhood to adulthood.”

Practice question: Why is the final paragraph an effective conclusion to the passage?

Solution: The final paragraph is an effective conclusion because it turns the discussion from adolescent characteristics and difficulties towards practical responsibility. It identifies the groups that can help adolescents cope with pressure and complete the movement into adult life. Evidence: “Parents, members of the community, service providers, and social institutions have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment and to intervene effectively when problems arise.”

Type-১ : Event Sequence and Rhetorical Devices

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
For sequence, identify the movement from an earlier condition to a later response. For devices, look for opposites, a series of related items, or a clear connection between a condition and its result. Support every point with an exact quotation.

জেনে রাখুন: “After childhood and before adulthood” is contrast. A series such as “alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs” is listing. A statement connecting established behaviour with later well-being expresses cause and effect.

Solved example: What sequence of ideas does the writer follow, and which devices make the explanation clear?

Answer: The writer first introduces the stages of growth, then defines adolescence, explains puberty and preparation for adulthood, presents risks, compares adolescents with other age groups and finally identifies the support system needed for a successful transition.

Order	Idea	Device or effect
১	Stages lead children towards adulthood.	Opening framework
২	Adolescence is positioned between two stages.	Contrast: “after childhood and before adulthood”
৩	Puberty begins the biological passage.	Transition
৪	Several health risks are presented together.	Listing: “alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs”
৫	Support is proposed as the social response.	Cause and response

Practice question: How does the contrast between adolescents and other age groups strengthen the writer’s explanation?

Solution: The contrast shows that adolescents occupy an intermediate and vulnerable position. They are no longer young children, yet they are not fully able to understand complex concepts, consequences and health decision-making like adults. Thus, the comparison explains why adolescents need particular information, services and guidance. Evidence: “Adolescents are different both from young children and adults.”

৬.৫ Type-২ : চরিত্র বিশ্লেষণ

In this expository passage, “character” means the person or social group under discussion, not a fictional character. The central group is adolescents; other groups are included according to their roles, responsibilities or conditions. Every description must be supported by a short, exact quotation from the text.

Character or group	Feature or role	Evidence from the passage
Adolescents	They experience rapid growth, face risks and prepare for adulthood.	“a period of preparation for adulthood.”
Adolescent girls	They may suffer inequality, early marriage, marginalisation and health risks.	“The situation of adolescent girls in Bangladesh is characterised by inequality and subordination”
Adolescent boys	Some are vulnerable because of unemployment and limited awareness of social or health issues.	“many are vulnerable and lack the power to make decisions about their own lives.”
Families, communities and institutions	They should support development, adjustment and successful transition.	“have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development”

বিশ্লেষণের কাঠামো
১. Identify the group named in the passage.
২. State its condition, role or problem without adding outside information.
৩. Check the writer’s tone: informative, concerned or advisory.
৪. Notice the device used, such as contrast or listing.
৫. Support each claim with one short exact quotation.

জেনে রাখুন: A strong character analysis connects the group, its condition and the writer’s purpose. The passage presents adolescents through contrast: “Adolescents are different both from young children and adults.” It also uses listing to show several responsibilities: “Parents, members of the community, service providers, and social institutions”.

সমাধানকৃত উদাহরণ: Analyse the character or group of adolescents.
Answer: The passage presents adolescents as young people who are passing through a critical stage between childhood and adulthood. They undergo rapid physical and psychological development and prepare for adult relationships, roles and responsibilities. At the same time, they may face pressure related to alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, injuries, unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and mental-health problems. The writer also shows that adolescents are not fully like children or adults because they may not completely understand complex concepts, consequences or health decision-making. Therefore, they need support from families, communities, schools, health services and workplaces. The analysis is supported by the quotations “characterised by fast paced growth and change”, “a period of preparation for adulthood.” and “Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces.”

অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন: How does the passage present adolescent girls as a social group?
সমাধান: The passage presents adolescent girls as a vulnerable group affected by inequality and subordination within the family and society. Early marriage may cause them to leave school, lose mobility and become marginalised in their in-laws’ households. The text also connects adolescent marriage with dowry-related violence, pregnancy and childbirth risks, undernourishment and anaemia. This presentation is concerned and informative because it describes social conditions and their consequences rather than narrating a personal story. Evidence: “she becomes vulnerable to all forms of abuse, including dowry-related violence.”

৬.৬ Type-২ অনুশীলন ও উত্তর

বিশ্লেষণের কাঠামো

১. Identify the group named in the passage.

২. State its condition, role or problem without adding outside information.

৩. Check whether the tone is informative, concerned or advisory.

৪. Notice the device used, such as contrast or listing.

৫. Support every claim with one short exact quotation.

Type-২ : Character and Group Analysis

Shortcut Method: Name the group → describe its condition or role → explain the writer’s purpose → add one exact quotation as evidence.

Remember: This is an expository passage. Therefore, analyse the adolescents, adolescent girls, adolescent boys, families and institutions as social groups rather than fictional characters. Use only information stated in the passage.

Group	Condition or role	Evidence
Adolescents	They experience transition, growth and preparation for adulthood.	“a period of preparation for adulthood.”
Adolescent girls	They face inequality, early marriage, marginalisation and health risks.	“The situation of adolescent girls in Bangladesh is characterised by inequality and subordination”
Adolescent boys	Some are vulnerable because of unemployment and limited awareness.	“many are vulnerable and lack the power to make decisions about their own lives.”
Families and institutions	They should promote development, adjustment and successful transition.	“have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development”

Ex. ১: Analyse the group of adolescents in the passage.

Sol: The passage presents adolescents as young people moving from childhood towards adulthood. They experience rapid physical and psychological development and prepare for adult relationships, roles and responsibilities. They may also face health and adjustment problems. The writer shows that they need support from different social institutions.
Evidence: “this phase represents one of the critical transitions in human life span” and “Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces.”

Ex. ২: How does the passage present adolescent girls as a social group?

Sol: The passage presents adolescent girls as a disadvantaged group within the family and society. It connects inequality with child marriage, exclusion from education and health services, loss of mobility and marginalisation in the in-laws’ household. It also describes risks connected with pregnancy, childbirth, undernourishment and anaemia. The tone is concerned and informative because the writer explains their social condition and its consequences.
Evidence: “This inequality leads to widespread practice of child marriage, marginalisation or exclusion from health, education” and “she becomes vulnerable to all forms of abuse, including dowry-related violence.”

Ex. ৩: What condition of adolescent boys is described in the passage?

Sol: The passage says that the situation of adolescent boys is somewhat better than that of girls, but many boys are still vulnerable. Those who cannot attend school or remain unemployed may be unaware of social and health issues. They may also be drawn into criminal activities and exposed to drugs and alcohol. The description is concerned because it points out their risks without presenting a fictional event.
Evidence: “While the situation for adolescent boys is somewhat better, many are vulnerable” and “They are at considerable risk of being drawn into criminal activities”.

Ex. ৪: Explain the role of families, communities and institutions in adolescent development.

Sol: Families, communities, schools, health services and workplaces are presented as sources of support for adolescents. They should help adolescents learn skills, cope with pressure and move successfully from childhood to adulthood. Parents, service providers and social institutions also have a duty to promote development and adjustment and to intervene when problems arise. The tone is advisory because the passage identifies responsibilities for collective action.
Evidence: “Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces” and “Parents, members of the community, service providers, and social institutions have the responsibility”.

৬.৭ Type-৩ : মূলভাব ও বার্তা (Theme)

Central theme: The passage presents adolescence as a stage of rapid development and preparation for adult life. Its deeper focus is not only physical change but also identity, skills, relationships, reasoning and future responsibility. The central idea is supported by the quotation, “a period of preparation for adulthood.”

বিশ্লেষণের কাঠামো
১. Find the idea repeated across the passage.
২. Separate the main theme from supporting sub-themes such as health risks, social barriers and collective support.
৩. State the writer’s message in one complete sentence.
৪. Verify each claim with a short exact quotation.

Sub-themes and message: The passage also shows that adolescents are vulnerable because they may not fully understand complex ideas, consequences or health decisions. It further gives a social message: families, communities, schools, health services and workplaces must cooperate to help adolescents cope with pressure and move towards adulthood. This message is clearly expressed in “Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces.”

Solved example: What message does the final paragraph convey?
Answer: The final paragraph conveys that adolescent development is a shared responsibility. Adolescents need practical and emotional support from social institutions so that they can handle pressure, develop properly and make a successful transition to adulthood. Evidence: “Parents, members of the community, service providers, and social institutions have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment and to intervene effectively when problems arise.”

Practice question: How does the passage connect adolescent development with future well-being?
Solution: The passage connects adolescent development with future well-being by showing that behaviour, skills, identity and decision-making develop during adolescence. Positive guidance during this period can help young people prepare for adult relationships, roles and responsibilities, while harmful behaviour may affect later health and well-being. Evidence: “Behaviour patterns that are established during this period” and “a period of preparation for adulthood.”

৬.৮ Type-৩ অনুশীলন ও উত্তর

Ex. A vehicle travels 160 কি.মি. in 2 hours. Find its speed.

Sol:

Speed = Distance ÷ Time
= 160 ÷ 2
= 80 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা

Ans. The speed is 80 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা.

Ex. Convert 15 মি./সে. into কি.মি./ঘণ্টা.

Sol:

15 মি./সে. = 15 × 185 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
= 3 × 18 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
= 54 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা

Ans. 15 মি./সে. = 54 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা.

Ex. A train is 150 metres long and moves at 54 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা. How long will it take to pass a pole?

Sol:

54 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা = 15 মি./সে.
Time = Train length ÷ Speed
= 150 ÷ 15 সেকেন্ড
= 10 সেকেন্ড

Ans. The train will pass the pole in 10 সেকেন্ড.

Ex. A train 150 metres long passes a platform 210 metres long at 54 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা. Find the time required.

Sol:

54 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা = 15 মি./সে.
Total distance = 150 + 210 মিটার
= 360 মিটার
Time = 360 ÷ 15 সেকেন্ড
= 24 সেকেন্ড

Ans. The train will cross the platform in 24 সেকেন্ড.

Ex. Two trains of lengths 112 metres and 113 metres move in opposite directions at 72 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা and 18 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা. Find their crossing time. Also find the crossing time when they move in the same direction with relative speed 15 মি./সে.

Sol:

Total length = 112 + 113 মিটার
= 225 মিটার
72 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা = 20 মি./সে.
18 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা = 5 মি./সে.
Opposite-direction relative speed = 20 + 5 মি./সে.
= 25 মি./সে.
Time = 225 ÷ 25 সেকেন্ড
= 9 সেকেন্ড

Same-direction time = 225 ÷ 15 সেকেন্ড
= 15 সেকেন্ড

Ans. They cross in 9 সেকেন্ড in opposite directions and in 15 সেকেন্ড in the same direction.

Ex. A boat moves at 14 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা in still water and the current flows at 2 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা. Find the downstream and upstream speeds and the times needed to travel 384 কি.মি.

Sol:

Downstream speed = 14 + 2 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
= 16 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
Upstream speed = 14 − 2 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
= 12 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
Downstream time = 384 ÷ 16 ঘণ্টা
= 24 ঘণ্টা
Upstream time = 384 ÷ 12 ঘণ্টা
= 32 ঘণ্টা

Ans. The downstream speed is 16 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা, the upstream speed is 12 কি.মি./ঘণ্টা, and the respective times are 24 ঘণ্টা and 32 ঘণ্টা.

৬.৯ Type-৪ : ভাষা, অলংকার ও সুর

The passage is mainly expository. It explains adolescence through definition, contrast, classification, listing and cause-and-effect relationships. Its language is factual, but the discussion also draws attention to health risks and the need for social support.

A careful reader should not label every attractive phrase as a simile, metaphor or personification. The passage contains no clear comparison using “like” or “as”, no sustained figurative comparison, and no direct attribution of human qualities to a non-human object. Therefore, the strongest analysis comes from the devices that are actually supported by the wording.

The writer’s tone changes slightly according to the subject. The definition of adolescence is informative; the discussion of alcohol, injuries, pregnancy and mental-health problems is concerned; and the section on families, schools and services is advisory. Each judgement should be supported by a short quotation from the passage.

The following framework separates literary devices from tone and viewpoint. This prevents unsupported claims and helps produce a precise answer suitable for higher-level comprehension.

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
First identify the repeated idea, then mark the exact words that create contrast, a series or a result. Next decide whether the writer informs, expresses concern or advises. Finally, write the claim followed by one short exact quotation.

জেনে রাখুন
A device must be named only when the wording proves it. “After childhood and before adulthood” is contrast, while “alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs” is listing. The passage does not provide a clear simile, metaphor or personification.

Type-১ : অলংকার ও ভাষার কৌশল শনাক্তকরণ

Shortcut method: Look for a direct comparison, human qualities given to a non-human thing, a vivid expression, opposite conditions or a series of related items. Then explain the effect in one sentence.

Solved example: What rhetorical device is used in “after childhood and before adulthood”?

Answer: Contrast is used because the phrase places childhood and adulthood on opposite sides of adolescence. It presents adolescence as an intermediate stage. Evidence: “after childhood and before adulthood.”

Practice question: What is the effect of the listing in “alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs”?

Solution: The listing makes the range of possible harmful influences clear. Evidence: “alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs.”

Device	Example	Effect
Simile	No explicit example in the passage.	It should not be assigned without a direct comparison.
Metaphor	No clear sustained metaphor in the passage.	The explanation remains factual rather than figurative.
Personification	No explicit personification is used.	The writer focuses on human development and institutions directly.
Imagery	“fast paced growth and change”	It creates a sense of movement and rapid development.
Contrast	“after childhood and before adulthood”	It shows adolescence as an in-between stage.
Listing	“alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs”	It emphasises the variety of risks.

Type-২ : লেখকের সুর শনাক্তকরণ

Shortcut method: Separate factual definition, warning about danger and recommendation for action. Match each tone with the strongest exact phrase.

Solved example: What is the tone of the discussion of adolescent health?

Answer: The tone is informative and concerned. The writer gives factual information and highlights possible dangers. Evidence: “a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems.”

Practice question: What tone is shown in the discussion of families and institutions?

Solution: The tone is advisory because the passage states that responsible groups should support adolescents and respond to difficulties. Evidence: “have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment.”

Type-৩ : ভাষা ও সুরের সমন্বিত বিশ্লেষণ

Shortcut method: State the central viewpoint, identify the language device or tone, and finish with the exact evidence. Do not add a personal opinion or an event absent from the passage.

Solved example: How does the writer present adolescence as a significant stage?

Answer: The writer presents adolescence as a period of rapid transition and preparation for adult life. Contrast defines its position between two stages, while the informative tone explains its physical, psychological and social importance. Evidence: “a period of preparation for adulthood.”

Practice question: How do the language and tone work together when risks are discussed?

Solution: Listing presents several risks clearly, and the concerned tone shows that these risks require attention. Evidence: “alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs” and “a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems.”

৬.১০ Type-৪ অনুশীলন ও উত্তর

Worked Example Series

Ex. A vehicle covers ৩২৫ কি.মি. in ৫ ঘণ্টা. Find its speed.

Sol:

Speed = Distance ÷ Time

Speed = ৩২৫ ÷ ৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা

Speed = ৬৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা

Ans. The speed is ৬৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা.

Ex. Convert ১০ মি./সে. into কি.মি./ঘণ্টা.

Sol:

১০ মি./সে. = ১০ × ১৮/৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা

১০ মি./সে. = ১৮০ ÷ ৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা

১০ মি./সে. = ৩৬ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা

Ans. ১০ মি./সে. = ৩৬ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা.

Ex. A train is ১৫০ মিটার long and moves at ৩৬ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা. How long will it take to pass a pole?

Sol:

Speed = ৩৬ × ৫/১৮ মি./সে.

Speed = ১০ মি./সে.

Time = Train length ÷ Speed

Time = ১৫০ ÷ ১০ সেকেন্ড

Time = ১৫ সেকেন্ড

Ans. The train will pass the pole in ১৫ সেকেন্ড.

Ex. A train ১৫০ মিটার long runs at ৩৬ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা. Find the time needed to cross a platform ১৪০ মিটার long.

Sol:

Speed = ৩৬ × ৫/১৮ মি./সে.

Speed = ১০ মি./সে.

Total distance = ১৫০ + ১৪০ মিটার

Total distance = ২৯০ মিটার

Time = ২৯০ ÷ ১০ সেকেন্ড

Time = ২৯ সেকেন্ড

Ans. The train will cross the platform in ২৯ সেকেন্ড.

Ex. Two trains of lengths ১৫৭ মিটার and ১৫৮ মিটার move in opposite directions at ৯০ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা and ৩৬ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা respectively. Find the time required for them to pass each other.

Sol:

First speed = ৯০ × ৫/১৮ মি./সে.

First speed = ২৫ মি./সে.

Second speed = ৩৬ × ৫/১৮ মি./সে.

Second speed = ১০ মি./সে.

Relative speed = ২৫ + ১০ মি./সে.

Relative speed = ৩৫ মি./সে.

Total distance = ১৫৭ + ১৫৮ মিটার

Total distance = ৩১৫ মিটার

Time = ৩১৫ ÷ ৩৫ সেকেন্ড

Time = ৯ সেকেন্ড

Ans. The trains will pass each other in ৯ সেকেন্ড.

৬.১১ সাধারণ ভুল ও ফাঁদ

📌 পাঠ সম্পর্কিত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়াদি

Adolescence-কে শুধু শারীরিক পরিবর্তনের সময় বলা ভুল; এটি শৈশবের পরে ও প্রাপ্তবয়স্কতার আগে সংঘটিত শারীরিক এবং মানসিক বিকাশের পর্যায়—“after childhood and before adulthood”।
Puberty এবং adolescence-কে একই বিষয় মনে করা ঠিক নয়; puberty হলো জৈবিক পরিবর্তনের সূচনা, যা শৈশব থেকে adolescence-এ প্রবেশকে চিহ্নিত করে—“the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence.”
সব সমাজে adolescence-এর সময়কাল ও বৈশিষ্ট্য এক হবে বলা ভুল; সময়, সংস্কৃতি এবং আর্থসামাজিক পরিস্থিতি অনুযায়ী তা পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে—“may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations.”
Adolescence-কে কেবল সমস্যা বা ঝুঁকির পর্যায় হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা অসম্পূর্ণ; এটি পরিচয়, দক্ষতা, প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক সম্পর্ক, ভূমিকা ও বিমূর্ত চিন্তার প্রস্তুতির সময়—“a period of preparation for adulthood.”
স্বাস্থ্যঝুঁকির উত্তরে একটি মাত্র ঝুঁকি লিখলে উত্তর পূর্ণ হয় না; passage-এ alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, injuries, unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections এবং mental-health problems-এর কথা বলা হয়েছে—“a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems.”
Adolescents-কে শিশু বা প্রাপ্তবয়স্কের সঙ্গে সম্পূর্ণ অভিন্ন বলা ভুল; তারা জটিল ধারণা, আচরণের ফল এবং স্বাস্থ্য-সংক্রান্ত সিদ্ধান্ত পুরোপুরি বুঝতে সক্ষম নয়—“Adolescents are different both from young children and adults.”
Adolescents-এর উন্নয়নের দায়িত্ব শুধু পরিবারের ওপর দেওয়া ঠিক নয়; পরিবার, community, school, health service এবং workplace—সবগুলোর সহায়তা প্রয়োজন—“Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces”.
বাংলাদেশে adolescent girls-এর সংখ্যা boys-এর চেয়ে বেশি বলা ভুল; পাঠ্যাংশ অনুযায়ী মোট ২৮ মিলিয়নের মধ্যে ১৩.৭ মিলিয়ন মেয়ে এবং ১৪.৩ মিলিয়ন ছেলে—“There are 28 million adolescents in Bangladesh”.
বাংলাদেশে বিয়ের বৈধ বয়স নিয়ে সংখ্যা গুলিয়ে ফেলা যাবে না; মেয়েদের জন্য ১৮ বছর এবং ছেলেদের জন্য ২১ বছর—“the legal age of marriage is 18 for girls and 21 for boys.”
বাল্যবিবাহের ফল হিসেবে শুধু school dropout উল্লেখ করা যথেষ্ট নয়; গৃহস্থালির কাজ, marginalisation, dowry-related violence এবং pregnancy বা childbirth-এর স্বাস্থ্যঝুঁকিও লিখতে হবে—“she becomes vulnerable to all forms of abuse, including dowry-related violence.”

৬.১২ অতিরিক্ত অনুশীলন

নোট: এগুলো অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন; বিগত সালের প্রশ্ন নয়।

Type-১ : Theme Identification

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
Find the idea repeated across the largest number of sentences. Then connect it with one exact quotation.

জেনে রাখুন

The central idea must cover growth, change, preparation and support rather than only one isolated risk.

সমাধানকৃত উদাহরণ: What central idea connects the first lesson with the discussion of adolescent development?

নমুনা উত্তর: The central idea is adolescence as a stage of rapid growth, preparation for adulthood and social support. Evidence: “a period of preparation for adulthood.”

অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন: Why is adolescence presented as more than a biological stage?

সমাধান: Adolescence is presented as more than a biological stage because it includes identity development, skill acquisition, adult relationships, roles and abstract reasoning. Evidence: “the acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles.”

Type-২ : Tone Identification

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
Check whether the writer mainly informs, expresses concern, warns about risks or advises collective action. Select the tone supported by the strongest wording.

জেনে রাখুন

A factual description usually creates an informative tone; a list of dangers creates a concerned tone; a statement about responsibility creates an advisory tone.

সমাধানকৃত উদাহরণ: What tone is created by the description of adolescent health risks?

নমুনা উত্তর: The tone is concerned and informative because the passage gives factual information while drawing attention to serious risks. Evidence: “a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems.”

অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন: What tone is evident in the passage’s discussion of social institutions?

সমাধান: The tone is advisory and responsible because the writer explains the duties of parents, communities, service providers and social institutions. Evidence: “have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment.”

Type-৩ : Character and Group Analysis

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
List each group, state its condition or role, and attach one short exact quotation. Do not treat an expository passage as a fictional story.

জেনে রাখুন

Use only groups named in the passage. A strong answer combines the group’s role with direct textual evidence.

সমাধানকৃত উদাহরণ: How does the passage portray adolescents in relation to society?

নমুনা উত্তর: It portrays adolescents as young people who face pressure and depend on several social institutions while moving towards adulthood. Evidence: “Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces.”

অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন: What responsibilities are assigned to parents and service providers?

সমাধান: Parents and service providers are expected to promote adolescent development and adjustment and to act effectively when problems arise. Evidence: “to intervene effectively when problems arise.”

Group	Role	Evidence
Adolescents	They learn skills and cope with pressures.	“learn a wide range of skills”
Social institutions	They support development and adjustment.	“promote adolescent development and adjustment”

Type-৪ : Rhetorical Device Identification

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
Look for opposites placed together, a series of related items, or a condition linked with its result. Name only the device proved by the wording.

জেনে রাখুন

Contrast compares different conditions; listing presents several related items; cause and effect connects a reason with a consequence.

সমাধানকৃত উদাহরণ: Which device is used in “after childhood and before adulthood”?

নমুনা উত্তর: Contrast is used because childhood and adulthood are presented as two different stages around adolescence. Evidence: “after childhood and before adulthood.”

অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন: Which rhetorical device appears in “alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs”?

সমাধান: Listing is used because several possible harmful substances are presented together. Evidence: “alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs.”

Device	Example	Effect
Contrast	“young children and adults”	Shows adolescents as a distinct group.
Listing	“injuries, unintended pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections”	Shows the range of health risks.

Type-৫ : Structure Analysis

শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি
Trace the passage in order: opening idea → explanation → evidence → consequence → response. Match every stage with a short quotation.

জেনে রাখুন

A structure answer should follow the order of ideas, not merely list separate facts.

সমাধানকৃত উদাহরণ: How does the passage move from definition to social response?

নমুনা উত্তর: First, it introduces the stages of human growth. Next, it defines adolescence and explains puberty as a biological transition. It then describes risks and differences from children and adults. Finally, it presents the support required from society. Evidence: “Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become adults” and “Parents, members of the community, service providers, and social institutions have the responsibility.”

অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন: Analyse the progression from adolescent risks to collective responsibility.

সমাধান: The passage first identifies pressures and health problems faced by adolescents. It then explains that adolescents need help to cope with those pressures. Finally, it assigns responsibility to families, communities, service providers and social institutions. Evidence: “Adolescents may face pressure to use alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs” and “to cope with the pressures they face.”

Stage	Textual evidence
Problem	“Adolescents may face pressure”
Need	“learn a wide range of skills”
Response	“intervene effectively when problems arise”

Worked Example Series

Ex. A vehicle travels ২০০ কি.মি. in ৪ ঘণ্টা. Find its speed.

Sol:
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
= ২০০ ÷ ৪ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
= ৫০ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
∴ Ans. Speed = ৫০ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা।

Ex. Convert ৫ মি./সে. into কি.মি./ঘণ্টা.

Sol:
১ মি./সে. = ১৮৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
৫ মি./সে. = ৫ × ১৮৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
= ১৮ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
∴ Ans. ৫ মি./সে. = ১৮ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা।

Ex. A train is ৩০০ মিটার long and moves at ৭২ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা. Find the time needed to pass a pole.

Sol:
Speed = ৭২ × ৫১৮ মি./সে.
= ২০ মি./সে.
Total distance = ৩০০ মিটার
Time = ৩০০ ÷ ২০ সেকেন্ড
= ১৫ সেকেন্ড
∴ Ans. The train will pass the pole in ১৫ সেকেন্ড।

Ex. A train ৩০০ মিটার long crosses a platform ৩৬০ মিটার long at ৭২ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা. Find the time.

Sol:
Speed = ৭২ × ৫১৮ মি./সে.
= ২০ মি./সে.
Total distance = ৩০০ + ৩৬০ মিটার
= ৬৬০ মিটার
Time = ৬৬০ ÷ ২০ সেকেন্ড
= ৩৩ সেকেন্ড
∴ Ans. The train will cross the platform in ৩৩ সেকেন্ড।

Ex. Two trains, each ১২০ মিটার long, move in opposite directions at ৯০ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা and ১৮ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা. Find the time needed to pass each other.

Sol:
First speed = ৯০ × ৫১৮ মি./সে. = ২৫ মি./সে.
Second speed = ১৮ × ৫১৮ মি./সে. = ৫ মি./সে.
Relative speed = ২৫ + ৫ মি./সে. = ৩০ মি./সে.
Total distance = ১২০ + ১২০ মিটার = ২৪০ মিটার
Time = ২৪০ ÷ ৩০ সেকেন্ড
= ৮ সেকেন্ড
∴ Ans. The trains will pass each other in ৮ সেকেন্ড।