Unit Two
Food and Nutrition
Food and Nutrition
Textual Dictionary
The words below are taken from this chapter. Meanings and explanations are given in English for easy study.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nutritious (nyoo-TRISH-us) | containing substances needed for good health | healthy (in good health) wholesome (good for health) | unhealthy (bad for health) harmful (causing harm) | Good food is nutritious. Good food is nutritious for the body. |
| substances (SUB-stan-siz) | natural materials needed by the body | materials (things used) elements (basic parts) | — | Food must contain natural substances that our body needs. |
| quantity (KWON-ti-tee) | the amount of something | amount (how much) number (a counted amount) | — | We do not need the same kind of food in the same quantity. |
| cuisine (kwi-ZEEN) | a style of cooking and food | food (something eaten) cooking (preparing food) | — | Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied. |
| staple (STAY-puhl) | a main or regularly eaten food | main (chief) basic (most important) | — | Boiled rice is our staple food. |
| cultivated (KUL-ti-vay-tid) | grown or raised by people | grown (made to grow) raised (kept and developed) | wild (not controlled by people) natural (not produced by people) | Fish are now cultivated in ponds. |
| traditional (truh-DISH-uh-nuhl) | connected with customs followed for a long time | customary (usual) usual (commonly followed) | modern (of the present time) new (recent) | Panta ilish is a traditional platter. |
| molasses (muh-LASS-iz) | a thick sweet syrup used in food | syrup (a sweet liquid) sweetener (something that makes food sweet) | — | Pitha may be made with sugar, syrup, molasses and sometimes milk. |
Total words: 8
1. How to Use This Sheet
Study Tips
- Read the chapter carefully before using this sheet.
- Cover the meaning column and test yourself on each word.
- Use the example sentences for writing practice.
- Check how each word is used in the chapter context.
- Practise saying the pronunciation aloud and clearly.
- Review the key points after completing the reading tasks.
▣ Textual Dictionary
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nutritious (nyoo-TRISH-us) | Containing substances needed for good health | healthy; good | bad; harmful | Good food is nutritious. Good food is nutritious for the body. |
| substances (SUB-stan-siz) | Natural materials needed by the body | materials; elements | — | Food must contain natural substances that our body needs. |
| quantity (KWON-ti-tee) | The amount of something | amount; number | — | We do not need the same kind of food in the same quantity. |
| cuisine (kwi-ZEEN) | A style of cooking and food | food; cooking | — | Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied. |
| staple (STAY-puhl) | A main or regularly eaten food | main; basic | — | Boiled rice is our staple food. |
| cultivated (KUL-ti-vay-tid) | Grown or raised by people | grown; raised | wild; natural | Fish are now cultivated in ponds. |
| traditional (truh-DISH-uh-nuhl) | Connected with customs followed for a long time | customary; usual | modern; new | Panta ilish is a traditional platter. |
| molasses (muh-LASS-iz) | A thick sweet syrup used in food | syrup; sweetener | — | Pitha may be made with sugar, syrup, molasses and sometimes milk. |
Total words: 8
◆ Key Points
- Nutritious food contains natural substances needed for growth and good health.
- Eating too much food can be bad for health.
- The needed quantity of food depends on growth and physical structure.
- Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied because it uses many spices.
- Boiled rice is the staple food of Bangladesh.
- Rice is served with vegetables, curry, lentil soups, fish and meat.
- Fish is the main source of protein in the chapter text.
- Fish are cultivated in ponds and are also found in lakes and rivers.
- Panta ilish is a traditional platter made with panta bhat and fried hilsha.
- Pitha can be made with rice flour, sugar, syrup, molasses and sometimes milk.
- Sweets are an important part of the day-to-day life of Bangladeshi people.
2. Key Words - Main Table (1-15)
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nutritious (nyoo-TRISH-us) | Containing substances needed for good health. | healthy; wholesome | unhealthy; harmful | Good food is nutritious for the body. |
| substances (SUB-stan-siz) | Natural materials needed by the body. | materials; elements | — | Food must contain natural substances that our body needs. |
| quantity (KWON-ti-tee) | The amount of something. | amount; number | — | We do not need the same kind of food in the same quantity. |
| physical (FIZ-i-kal) | Related to the body. | bodily; corporal | mental; spiritual | The quantity of food depends on physical structure. |
| structure (STRUK-cher) | The form or arrangement of something. | form; arrangement | disorder; confusion | Food needs differ according to physical structure. |
| cuisine (kwi-ZEEN) | A style of cooking and food. | cooking; food style | — | Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied. |
| appetizing (AP-i-ty-zing) | Pleasant and attractive to eat. | delicious; tempting | unappetizing; tasteless | Bangladeshi food can be delicious and appetizing. |
| staple (STAY-puhl) | A main or regularly eaten food. | main; basic | secondary; unusual | Boiled rice is our staple food. |
| lentil (LEN-til) | A small edible seed used as food. | pulse; legume | — | Rice is served with vegetables and lentil soup. |
| protein (PROH-teen) | A substance in food needed by the body. | nutrient; nourishment | — | Fish is the main source of protein. |
| cultivated (KUL-ti-vay-tid) | Grown or raised by people. | grown; raised | wild; natural | Fish are now cultivated in ponds. |
| traditional (truh-DISH-uh-nuhl) | Connected with customs followed for a long time. | customary; usual | modern; new | Panta ilish is a traditional platter. |
| platter (PLAT-er) | A dish or serving of food. | dish; serving | — | Panta ilish is a traditional platter of panta bhat. |
| molasses (muh-LASS-iz) | A thick sweet syrup used in food. | syrup; sweetener | — | Pitha may be made with sugar, syrup, molasses and sometimes milk. |
| steamed (STEEMD) | Cooked by the heat of steam. | cooked; heated | raw; uncooked | Panta bhat is steamed rice soaked in water. |
Total words: 15
3. Key Words - Main Table (16-30)
শব্দভাণ্ডার
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indigenous (ইনডিজিনাস) | আদিবাসী বা দেশীয় (native to a place) | native (দেশীয়); aboriginal (আদিবাসী) | foreign (বিদেশি); immigrant (অভিবাসী) | Bangladesh is home to more than 54 Indigenous groups. বাংলাদেশে ৫৪টিরও বেশি আদিবাসী গোষ্ঠীর বাস। |
| distinct (ডিস্টিঙ্ক্ট) | স্বতন্ত্র বা পৃথক (clearly different) | different (ভিন্ন); separate (আলাদা) | similar (একই রকম); common (সাধারণ) | They have distinct lifestyles and belief systems. তাদের স্বতন্ত্র জীবনধারা ও বিশ্বাসব্যবস্থা রয়েছে। |
| endangered (এনডেঞ্জার্ড) | বিলুপ্তির ঝুঁকিতে থাকা (at risk of disappearing) | threatened (হুমকির মুখে); at risk (ঝুঁকিতে) | safe (নিরাপদ); protected (সুরক্ষিত) | Many of these languages are endangered. এই ভাষাগুলোর অনেকগুলো বিলুপ্তির ঝুঁকিতে রয়েছে। |
| dominance (ডমিন্যান্স) | প্রাধান্য বা আধিপত্য (greater power or influence) | control (নিয়ন্ত্রণ); authority (কর্তৃত্ব) | weakness (দুর্বলতা); submission (বশ্যতা) | The dominance of Bangla puts pressure on indigenous languages. বাংলা ভাষার প্রাধান্য আদিবাসী ভাষাগুলোর ওপর চাপ সৃষ্টি করে। |
| extinction (এক্সটিঙ্কশন) | বিলুপ্তি (complete disappearance) | disappearance (অদৃশ্য হয়ে যাওয়া); loss (হারিয়ে যাওয়া) | existence (অস্তিত্ব); survival (টিকে থাকা) | Modern societal pressures push some languages towards extinction. আধুনিক সামাজিক চাপ কিছু ভাষাকে বিলুপ্তির দিকে ঠেলে দেয়। |
| uprising (আপ্রাইজিং) | বিদ্রোহ বা গণঅভ্যুত্থান (an act of resistance) | rebellion (বিদ্রোহ); revolt (বিদ্রোহ) | obedience (আনুগত্য); surrender (আত্মসমর্পণ) | Sidhu and Kanu led uprisings during the British colonial period. সিধু ও কানু ব্রিটিশ ঔপনিবেশিক সময়ে বিদ্রোহের নেতৃত্ব দেন। |
| oppression (অপ্রেশন) | নিপীড়ন বা অত্যাচার (cruel and unfair treatment) | persecution (নির্যাতন); tyranny (স্বৈরাচার) | freedom (স্বাধীনতা); justice (ন্যায়বিচার) | The leaders resisted colonial oppression. নেতারা ঔপনিবেশিক নিপীড়নের বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিরোধ গড়ে তোলেন। |
| legacy (লেগাসি) | ঐতিহ্য বা উত্তরাধিকার (something handed down from the past) | heritage (ঐতিহ্য); tradition (প্রথা) | novelty (নতুনত্ব); innovation (উদ্ভাবন) | Their legacy remains important in the anti-colonial struggle. ঔপনিবেশিকতাবিরোধী সংগ্রামে তাদের উত্তরাধিকার গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। |
| preserving (প্রিজার্ভিং) | সংরক্ষণ করা (keeping safe or continuing) | protecting (রক্ষা করা); conserving (সংরক্ষণ করা) | destroying (ধ্বংস করা); neglecting (অবহেলা করা) | Indigenous people face challenges in preserving their languages and culture. আদিবাসীরা তাদের ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি সংরক্ষণে নানা চ্যালেঞ্জের মুখোমুখি হন। |
| hurdles (হার্ডল্স) | বাধা বা প্রতিবন্ধকতা (difficulties to overcome) | obstacles (বাধা); difficulties (কঠিনতা) | advantages (সুবিধা); aids (সহায়তা) | A lack of trained teachers creates hurdles for education. প্রশিক্ষিত শিক্ষকের অভাব শিক্ষার ক্ষেত্রে বাধা সৃষ্টি করে। |
| resources (রিসোর্সেস) | সম্পদ বা প্রয়োজনীয় উপকরণ (available supplies or support) | materials (উপকরণ); supplies (সরবরাহ) | shortage (ঘাটতি); scarcity (দুর্লভতা) | The programme faces a lack of resources for higher education. এই কর্মসূচি উচ্চশিক্ষার জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় উপকরণের অভাবের মুখোমুখি। |
| displaced (ডিসপ্লেইস্ট) | বাস্তুচ্যুত (forced to leave a home) | relocated (অন্যত্র সরানো); uprooted (ভিটাছাড়া) | settled (স্থায়ীভাবে বসবাসকারী); established (প্রতিষ্ঠিত) | The Kaptai Dam displaced thousands of people. কাপ্তাই বাঁধ হাজার হাজার মানুষকে বাস্তুচ্যুত করেছিল। |
| submerging (সাবমার্জিং) | ডুবিয়ে দেওয়া (putting under water) | drowning (ডুবিয়ে দেওয়া); inundating (প্লাবিত করা) | drying (শুকিয়ে যাওয়া); exposing (উন্মুক্ত করা) | The dam submerged homes and farmlands under the Karnaphuli River. বাঁধটি কর্ণফুলী নদীর নিচে ঘরবাড়ি ও কৃষিজমি ডুবিয়ে দেয়। |
| livelihoods (লাইভলিহুডস) | জীবিকা (ways of earning a living) | occupations (পেশা); means of living (জীবনধারণের উপায়) | unemployment (বেকারত্ব); idleness (অলসতা) | The dam disrupted their livelihoods. বাঁধটি তাদের জীবিকা ব্যাহত করেছিল। |
| marginalization (মার্জিনালাইজেশন) | প্রান্তিকীকরণ (pushing a group to a less important position) | exclusion (বর্জন); isolation (বিচ্ছিন্নতা) | inclusion (অন্তর্ভুক্তি); integration (একীভবন) | Ongoing marginalization affects Indigenous communities in Bangladesh. চলমান প্রান্তিকীকরণ বাংলাদেশের আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায়গুলোর ওপর প্রভাব ফেলে। |
মোট শব্দ: ১৫
4. Subject Terms and Definitions
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indigenous (/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/) | Native to a particular place or country. | native; aboriginal | foreign; immigrant | Indigenous groups add to Bangladesh’s cultural richness. This term appears in the text about indigenous communities. |
| distinct (/dɪˈstɪŋkt/) | Clearly different from others. | different; separate | similar; common | The groups have distinct lifestyles and belief systems. |
| endangered (/ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd/) | At risk of disappearing. | threatened; vulnerable | safe; protected | Several Indigenous languages are endangered. |
| extinction (/ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/) | The complete disappearance of a language or living group. | disappearance; loss | existence; survival | Language death means the extinction of a language. |
| cuisine (/kwɪˈziːn/) | A style of cooking and food. | cooking; food style | — | Bangladeshi cuisine uses many spices. |
| staple (/ˈsteɪpəl/) | A main or regularly eaten food. | main; basic | secondary; unusual | Rice remains a staple in many Bangladeshi meals. |
| protein (/ˈproʊtiːn/) | A substance in food needed by the body. | nutrient; nourishment | — | Fish supplies an important source of protein. |
| cultivated (/ˈkʌltɪveɪtɪd/) | Grown or raised by people. | grown; raised | wild; natural | Some fish are cultivated in ponds. |
| platter (/ˈplætər/) | A dish or serving of food. | dish; serving | — | Panta ilish is served as a traditional platter. |
| molasses (/məˈlæsɪz/) | A thick sweet syrup used in food. | syrup; sweetener | — | Molasses is one ingredient used in some pitha. |
◆ Key Points
▪ Indigenous groups have their own lifestyles, economic practices, and belief systems.
▪ Indigenous languages are distinct languages spoken by different communities.
▪ A language becomes endangered when it is at risk of disappearing.
▪ Language death refers to the disappearance of a language.
▪ The dominance of Bangla and modern societal pressures can push Indigenous languages towards extinction.
▪ Bangladeshi cuisine is varied because many spices are used in its food.
▪ Boiled rice is the staple food mentioned in the lesson.
▪ Fish is identified as the main source of protein in the food text.
▪ Fish may be cultivated in ponds or found in lakes and rivers.
▪ Panta ilish is a traditional platter made with panta bhat and fried hilsha.
▪ Pitha may contain rice flour, sugar, syrup, molasses, and sometimes milk.
▪ The Kaptai Dam displaced people and submerged homes and farmlands under the Karnaphuli River.
Total terms: 10
5. Words in Context
Read the passage first. Notice how the bold words from the chapter help explain healthy food and Bangladeshi eating traditions.
Good food is nutritious because it contains natural substances needed by the body. The right quantity depends on growth and physical structure. Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied, and boiled rice is the staple food. Fish provides an important source of protein, and some fish are cultivated in ponds.
Panta ilish is a traditional platter made with panta bhat and fried hilsha. This connected passage shows how each word carries meaning from the lesson rather than standing alone.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nutritious (nyoo-TRISH-us) | Containing substances needed for good health | healthy (in good health); wholesome (good for health) | unhealthy (bad for health); harmful (causing harm) | Good food is nutritious for the body. |
| substances (SUB-stan-siz) | Natural materials needed by the body | materials (things used); elements (basic parts) | — | Food must contain natural substances that our body needs. |
| quantity (KWON-ti-tee) | The amount of something | amount (how much); number (a counted amount) | — | We do not need the same kind of food in the same quantity. |
| physical (FIZ-i-kal) | Related to the body | bodily (related to the body); corporal (of the body) | mental (related to the mind); spiritual (related to the spirit) | The quantity of food depends on physical structure. |
| structure (STRUK-cher) | The form or arrangement of something | form (shape); arrangement (order) | disorder (lack of order); confusion (lack of clarity) | Food needs differ according to physical structure. |
| cuisine (kwi-ZEEN) | A style of cooking and food | cooking (preparing food); food style (a way of preparing food) | — | Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied. |
| staple (STAY-puhl) | A main or regularly eaten food | main (chief); basic (most important) | secondary (less important); unusual (not common) | Boiled rice is our staple food. |
| protein (PROH-teen) | A substance in food needed by the body | nutrient (a needed food substance); nourishment (food needed for health) | — | Fish is the main source of protein. |
| cultivated (KUL-ti-vay-tid) | Grown or raised by people | grown (made to grow); raised (kept and developed) | wild (not controlled by people); natural (not produced by people) | Fish are now cultivated in ponds. |
| traditional (truh-DISH-uh-nuhl) | Connected with customs followed for a long time | customary (usual); usual (commonly followed) | modern (of the present time); new (recent) | Panta ilish is a traditional platter. |
Total words: 10
6. Exercise 1 - Match the Meaning
Match each word in Column A with the correct meaning in Column B.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 1. nutritious (নিউট্রিশাস) | A. A dish or serving of food. |
| 2. substances (সাবস্ট্যানসিজ) | B. A main or regularly eaten food. |
| 3. physical (ফিজিক্যাল) | C. Grown or raised by people. |
| 4. structure (স্ট্রাকচার) | D. A substance in food needed by the body. |
| 5. cuisine (কুইজিন) | E. The form or arrangement of something. |
| 6. staple (স্টেপল) | F. Natural materials needed by the body. |
| 7. protein (প্রোটিন) | G. Pleasant and attractive to eat. |
| 8. cultivated (কাল্টিভেটেড) | H. Related to the body. |
| 9. traditional (ট্র্যাডিশনাল) | I. Containing substances needed for good health. |
| 10. platter (প্ল্যাটার) | J. Connected with customs followed for a long time. |
Answer Key
1–I, 2–F, 3–H, 4–E, 5–G, 6–B, 7–D, 8–C, 9–J, 10–A
7. Exercise 2 - Fill in the Blanks
Instructions: Complete each sentence with a suitable word from the word bank. Use each word once.
Word Bank: nutritious substances quantity physical structure cuisine staple protein cultivated traditional
Answer Key
1. nutritious 2. substances 3. quantity 4. physical 5. structure
6. cuisine 7. staple 8. protein 9. cultivated 10. traditional
8. Exercise 3 - Synonyms and Antonyms
Textual Dictionary
Study the Bengali meaning first, then notice the English synonyms, antonyms and example sentences.
Study the Bengali meaning first, then notice the English synonyms, antonyms and example sentences.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nutritious (নিউট্রিশাস) | পুষ্টিকর (containing substances needed for good health) | healthy (স্বাস্থ্যকর); wholesome (স্বাস্থ্যসম্মত) | unhealthy (অস্বাস্থ্যকর); harmful (ক্ষতিকর) | Good food is nutritious for the body. ভালো খাবার শরীরের জন্য পুষ্টিকর। |
| substances (সাবস্ট্যানসিজ) | উপাদানসমূহ (natural materials needed by the body) | materials (উপকরণ); elements (মৌলিক উপাদান) | — | Food must contain natural substances that our body needs. খাবারে আমাদের শরীরের প্রয়োজনীয় প্রাকৃতিক উপাদান থাকতে হবে। |
| quantity (কোয়ান্টিটি) | পরিমাণ (the amount of something) | amount (পরিমাণ); number (সংখ্যা) | — | We do not need the same kind of food in the same quantity. আমাদের একই পরিমাণে একই ধরনের খাবার প্রয়োজন হয় না। |
| physical (ফিজিক্যাল) | শারীরিক (related to the body) | bodily (দৈহিক); corporal (শারীরিক) | mental (মানসিক); spiritual (আধ্যাত্মিক) | The quantity of food depends on physical structure. খাবারের পরিমাণ শারীরিক গঠনের ওপর নির্ভর করে। |
| structure (স্ট্রাকচার) | গঠন (the form or arrangement of something) | form (আকার); arrangement (বিন্যাস) | disorder (বিশৃঙ্খলা); confusion (বিভ্রান্তি) | Food needs differ according to physical structure. শারীরিক গঠন অনুযায়ী খাবারের প্রয়োজন ভিন্ন হয়। |
| cuisine (কুইজিন) | রান্নার ধরন ও খাবার (a style of cooking and food) | cooking (রান্না); food (খাবার) | — | Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied. বাংলাদেশি রান্নার ধরন সমৃদ্ধ ও বৈচিত্র্যময়। |
| appetizing (অ্যাপিটাইজিং) | সুস্বাদু ও খেতে আকর্ষণীয় (pleasant and attractive to eat) | delicious (সুস্বাদু); tempting (লোভনীয়) | unappetizing (অরুচিকর); tasteless (স্বাদহীন) | We have delicious and appetizing food, snacks and sweets. আমাদের সুস্বাদু ও রুচিকর খাবার, নাশতা এবং মিষ্টি আছে। |
| staple (স্টেপল) | প্রধান বা নিয়মিত খাওয়া খাবার (a main or regularly eaten food) | main (প্রধান); basic (মৌলিক) | secondary (গৌণ); unusual (অস্বাভাবিক) | Boiled rice is our staple food. সিদ্ধ ভাত আমাদের প্রধান খাবার। |
| protein (প্রোটিন) | শরীরের প্রয়োজনীয় খাদ্য উপাদান (a substance in food needed by the body) | nutrient (পুষ্টি উপাদান); nourishment (পুষ্টি) | — | Fish is the main source of protein. মাছ প্রোটিনের প্রধান উৎস। |
| cultivated (কাল্টিভেটেড) | চাষ করা বা লালিত (grown or raised by people) | grown (চাষ করা); raised (লালিত) | wild (বন্য); natural (প্রাকৃতিক) | Fish are now cultivated in ponds. এখন পুকুরে মাছ চাষ করা হয়। |
Practice: Choose the correct synonym or antonym.
1. Choose the synonym of nutritious: (a) harmful (b) healthy (c) unhealthy
2. Choose the synonym of substances: (a) materials (b) confusion (c) disorder
3. Choose the antonym of physical: (a) bodily (b) corporal (c) mental
4. Choose the synonym of quantity: (a) amount (b) form (c) food
5. Choose the antonym of structure: (a) arrangement (b) disorder (c) form
6. Choose the synonym of cuisine: (a) cooking (b) harmful (c) wild
7. Choose the antonym of appetizing: (a) delicious (b) tempting (c) tasteless
8. Choose the synonym of staple: (a) main (b) unusual (c) secondary
9. Choose the synonym of protein: (a) nutrient (b) confusion (c) disorder
10. Choose the antonym of cultivated: (a) grown (b) raised (c) wild
Answer Key: 1. (b) healthy; 2. (a) materials; 3. (c) mental; 4. (a) amount; 5. (b) disorder; 6. (a) cooking; 7. (c) tasteless; 8. (a) main; 9. (a) nutrient; 10. (c) wild
9. Exercise 4 - Make Sentences
নির্দেশনা
নিচের শব্দগুলোর প্রত্যেকটি ব্যবহার করে একটি করে ইংরেজি বাক্য লেখো। শব্দের অর্থ বুঝে অধ্যায়ের প্রসঙ্গ অনুসরণ করো।
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| endangered (এনডেঞ্জার্ড) | বিলুপ্তির ঝুঁকিতে থাকা (at risk of disappearing) | threatened (হুমকির মুখে); at risk (ঝুঁকিতে) | safe (নিরাপদ); protected (সুরক্ষিত) | Several Indigenous languages are endangered. বেশ কয়েকটি আদিবাসী ভাষা বিলুপ্তির ঝুঁকিতে রয়েছে। |
| distinct (ডিস্টিঙ্ক্ট) | স্বতন্ত্র বা পৃথক (clearly different) | different (ভিন্ন); separate (আলাদা) | similar (একই রকম); common (সাধারণ) | The groups have distinct lifestyles. গোষ্ঠীগুলোর স্বতন্ত্র জীবনধারা রয়েছে। |
| dominance (ডমিন্যান্স) | প্রাধান্য বা আধিপত্য (greater power or influence) | control (নিয়ন্ত্রণ); authority (কর্তৃত্ব) | weakness (দুর্বলতা); submission (বশ্যতা) | The dominance of Bangla puts pressure on Indigenous languages. বাংলা ভাষার প্রাধান্য আদিবাসী ভাষাগুলোর ওপর চাপ সৃষ্টি করে। |
| extinction (এক্সটিঙ্কশন) | বিলুপ্তি (complete disappearance) | disappearance (অদৃশ্য হয়ে যাওয়া); loss (হারিয়ে যাওয়া) | existence (অস্তিত্ব); survival (টিকে থাকা) | Language death may lead to extinction. ভাষার মৃত্যু বিলুপ্তির দিকে নিয়ে যেতে পারে। |
| displacement (ডিসপ্লেসমেন্ট) | বাসস্থান থেকে উচ্ছেদ (being forced to leave a place) | 移? (উচ্ছেদ); relocation (স্থানান্তর) | settlement (বসতি স্থাপন); residence (বাসস্থান) | The Kaptai Dam caused the displacement of thousands of people. কাপ্তাই বাঁধ হাজার হাজার মানুষের উচ্ছেদের কারণ হয়েছিল। |
| cuisine (কুইজিন) | রান্নার ধরন ও খাবার (a style of cooking and food) | cooking (রান্না); food style (খাবারের ধরন) | — | Bangladeshi cuisine uses many spices. বাংলাদেশি রান্নায় অনেক মসলা ব্যবহার করা হয়। |
| appetizing (অ্যাপিটাইজিং) | সুস্বাদু ও খেতে আকর্ষণীয় (pleasant and attractive to eat) | delicious (সুস্বাদু); tempting (লোভনীয়) | unappetizing (অরুচিকর); tasteless (স্বাদহীন) | The colourful platter looked appetizing. রঙিন পদটি খেতে আকর্ষণীয় দেখাচ্ছিল। |
| molasses (মল্যাসিজ) | ঘন মিষ্টি সিরাপ (a thick sweet syrup) | syrup (সিরাপ); sweetener (মিষ্টিকারক) | — | Pitha may contain molasses. পিঠায় মোল্যাসিজ থাকতে পারে। |
উত্তরসূচি: নমুনা বাক্য
1. endangered: Several Indigenous languages are endangered.
2. distinct: The groups have distinct lifestyles.
3. dominance: The dominance of Bangla puts pressure on Indigenous languages.
4. extinction: Language death may lead to extinction.
5. displacement: The Kaptai Dam caused the displacement of thousands of people.
6. cuisine: Bangladeshi cuisine uses many spices.
7. appetizing: The colourful platter looked appetizing.
8. molasses: Pitha may contain molasses.
মোট শব্দ: ৮
10. Vocabulary MCQ (1-10)
Food and Health
1. Which word means “containing substances needed for good health”?
A. nutritious
B. harmful
C. cultivated
D. traditional
Sol: [A] Nutritious food contains substances needed for good health.
2. In the lesson, “physical” is related to the ______.
A. language
B. body
C. country
D. river
Sol: [B] Physical means related to the body.
3. Which word refers to a main or regularly eaten food?
A. platter
B. protein
C. staple
D. molasses
Sol: [C] Staple means a main or regularly eaten food.
Bangladeshi Food and Cuisine
4. What does “cuisine” mean in the chapter?
A. A style of cooking and food
B. A kind of language
C. A place for farming
D. A group of people
Sol: [A] Cuisine means a style of cooking and food.
5. Fish is described in the text as the main source of ______.
A. syrup
B. protein
C. rice flour
D. molasses
Sol: [B] The chapter states that fish is the main source of protein.
6. Fish cultivated in ponds are fish that are ______ by people.
A. grown or raised
B. lost or hidden
C. dried or served
D. mixed or sweetened
Sol: [A] Cultivated means grown or raised by people.
7. Panta ilish is called a traditional ______.
A. language
B. platter
C. structure
D. quantity
Sol: [B] A platter is a dish or serving of food, and Panta ilish is described as a traditional platter.
Indigenous Communities and Languages
8. If a language is endangered, it is at risk of ______.
A. celebration
B. extinction
C. cultivation
D. nourishment
Sol: [B] Endangered means at risk of disappearing, or extinction.
9. The dominance of Bangla puts pressure on indigenous ______.
A. languages
B. platters
C. spices
D. ponds
Sol: [A] The text directly connects Bangla’s dominance with pressure on indigenous languages.
Meaning in Context
10. The Kaptai Dam caused the ______ of thousands of people from the hill tracts.
A. displacement
B. dominance
C. nourishment
D. cuisine
Sol: [A] Displacement means being forced to leave a place, which happened after the dam was built.
11. Quick Revision List
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nutritious (nyoo-TRISH-us) | Containing substances needed for good health. | healthy; wholesome | unhealthy; harmful | Good food is nutritious for the body. |
| substances (SUB-stan-siz) | Natural materials needed by the body. | materials; elements | — | Food must contain natural substances that our body needs. |
| quantity (KWON-ti-tee) | The amount of something. | amount; number | — | We do not need the same kind of food in the same quantity. |
| physical (FIZ-i-kal) | Related to the body. | bodily; corporal | mental; spiritual | The quantity of food depends on physical structure. |
| structure (STRUK-cher) | The form or arrangement of something. | form; arrangement | disorder; confusion | Food needs differ according to physical structure. |
| cuisine (kwi-ZEEN) | A style of cooking and food. | cooking; food style | — | Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied with the use of many spices. |
| staple (STAY-puhl) | A main or regularly eaten food. | main; basic | secondary; unusual | Boiled rice is our staple food. |
| protein (PROH-teen) | A substance in food needed by the body. | nutrient; nourishment | — | Fish is the main source of protein. |
| cultivated (KUL-ti-vay-tid) | Grown or raised by people. | grown; raised | wild; natural | Fish are now cultivated in ponds. |
| traditional (truh-DISH-uh-nuhl) | Connected with customs followed for a long time. | customary; usual | modern; new | Panta ilish is a traditional platter. |
| platter (PLAT-er) | A dish or serving of food. | dish; serving | — | Panta ilish is a traditional platter of Panta bhat. |
| molasses (muh-LASS-iz) | A thick sweet syrup used in food. | syrup; sweetener | — | Pitha may be made with sugar, syrup, molasses and sometimes milk. |
Total words: 12
12. Practice Bank
Further Textual Vocabulary
Read the words and their context carefully. Try to explain each word in your own sentence.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| oppression (অপ্রেশন) | নিপীড়ন (cruel or unfair treatment) | tyranny (নির্যাতন); injustice (অন্যায়) | freedom (স্বাধীনতা); justice (ন্যায়বিচার) | Indigenous communities resisted oppression. আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায়গুলো নিপীড়নের বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিরোধ গড়ে তুলেছিল। |
| uprisings (আপ-রাইজিংস) | বিদ্রোহসমূহ (acts of organised resistance) | rebellions (বিদ্রোহ); revolts (অভ্যুত্থান) | obedience (আনুগত্য); submission (বশ্যতা) | Sidhu and Kanu led uprisings during the colonial period. ঔপনিবেশিক সময়ে সিধু ও কানু বিদ্রোহের নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন। |
| legacy (লেগাসি) | ঐতিহ্য বা উত্তরাধিকার (something handed down from the past) | heritage (ঐতিহ্য); tradition (প্রথা) | forgetfulness (বিস্মৃতি); loss (ক্ষতি) | Their legacy continues to inspire people. তাদের ঐতিহ্য মানুষকে অনুপ্রাণিত করে চলেছে। |
| preserving (প্রিজার্ভিং) | সংরক্ষণ করা (protecting from loss or damage) | protecting (রক্ষা করা); conserving (সংরক্ষণ করা) | destroying (ধ্বংস করা); neglecting (অবহেলা করা) | Indigenous people face challenges in preserving their languages. আদিবাসী মানুষ তাদের ভাষা সংরক্ষণে নানা সমস্যার মুখোমুখি হয়। |
| hurdles (হার্ডলস) | বাধাসমূহ (difficulties that must be overcome) | obstacles (বাধা); difficulties (সমস্যা) | advantages (সুবিধা); aids (সহায়তা) | A lack of teachers creates hurdles for language education. শিক্ষকের অভাব ভাষাশিক্ষার ক্ষেত্রে বাধা সৃষ্টি করে। |
| resources (রিসোর্সেস) | সম্পদ বা উপকরণ (materials or support that are available) | supplies (সরবরাহ); means (উপায়) | shortage (ঘাটতি); lack (অভাব) | Higher education faces a lack of resources. উচ্চশিক্ষায় উপকরণের অভাব রয়েছে। |
| displacement (ডিসপ্লেসমেন্ট) | উচ্ছেদ বা স্থানচ্যুতি (being forced to leave a place) | removal (সরিয়ে দেওয়া); relocation (স্থানান্তর) | settlement (বসতি স্থাপন); stability (স্থিতিশীলতা) | The dam caused the displacement of thousands of people. বাঁধটি হাজার হাজার মানুষের স্থানচ্যুতি ঘটায়। |
| submerging (সাবমার্জিং) | ডুবিয়ে দেওয়া (covering something with water) | flooding (প্লাবিত করা); drowning (ডুবিয়ে দেওয়া) | drying (শুকিয়ে যাওয়া); exposing (উন্মুক্ত করা) | The river was submerging homes and farmlands. নদী ঘরবাড়ি ও কৃষিজমি ডুবিয়ে দিচ্ছিল। |
| livelihoods (লাইভলিহুডস) | জীবিকা (ways of earning a living) | incomes (আয়); occupations (পেশা) | unemployment (বেকারত্ব); idleness (অলসতা) | The dam disrupted their livelihoods. বাঁধটি তাদের জীবিকা ব্যাহত করেছিল। |
| connections (কানেকশন্স) | সম্পর্ক বা সংযোগসমূহ (links between people or places) | links (যোগসূত্র); relations (সম্পর্ক) | separation (বিচ্ছেদ); disconnection (বিচ্ছিন্নতা) | The project disrupted cultural connections to the land. প্রকল্পটি ভূমির সঙ্গে সাংস্কৃতিক সংযোগ ব্যাহত করেছিল। |
| marginalization (মার্জিনালাইজেশন) | প্রান্তিকীকরণ (pushing a group to a less important position) | exclusion (বর্জন); neglect (অবহেলা) | inclusion (অন্তর্ভুক্তি); equality (সমতা) | Ongoing marginalization affects Indigenous communities. চলমান প্রান্তিকীকরণ আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায়গুলোকে প্রভাবিত করে। |
| flatlands (ফ্ল্যাটল্যান্ডস) | সমতল ভূমি (areas of level land) | plains (সমভূমি); lowlands (নিম্নভূমি) | highlands (উঁচুভূমি); hills (পাহাড়ি এলাকা) | Many groups live in the northern and southeastern flatlands. অনেক গোষ্ঠী উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ-পূর্বের সমতল ভূমিতে বাস করে। |
Total further words: 12
Hints: Use the passage about Indigenous communities for the first six words; use the Kaptai Dam paragraph for the remaining words.