Textual Dictionary
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncomfortable (অ্যানকমফর্টেবল) | অস্বস্তিকর (causing discomfort) | uneasy (অস্বস্তিকর); awkward (বিব্রতকর) | comfortable (আরামদায়ক); pleasant (মনোরম) | They both felt very uncomfortable one day. তারা দুজনেই একদিন খুব অস্বস্তি বোধ করেছিল। |
| idle (আইডল) | কর্মহীন বা অলস (not active) | inactive (নিষ্ক্রিয়); lazy (অলস) | active (সক্রিয়); busy (ব্যস্ত) | They were sitting idle on the veranda. তারা বারান্দায় অলসভাবে বসে ছিল। |
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | জলবায়ু (the usual weather of a place) | weather pattern (আবহাওয়ার ধরন); conditions (পরিবেশগত অবস্থা) | — | Many things are happening on this earth due to climate change. জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের কারণে পৃথিবীতে অনেক কিছু ঘটছে। |
| shift (শিফট) | পরিবর্তন বা সরে যাওয়া (a change or movement) | change (পরিবর্তন); move (সরে যাওয়া) | remain (অপরিবর্তিত থাকা); stay (থেকে যাওয়া) | Seasons are shifting. ঋতুগুলো পরিবর্তিত হচ্ছে। |
| survive (সারভাইভ) | বেঁচে থাকা (continue to live) | live (বেঁচে থাকা); endure (সহ্য করে টিকে থাকা) | die (মারা যাওয়া); perish (ধ্বংস হওয়া) | How will we survive on this earth? আমরা কীভাবে এই পৃথিবীতে বেঁচে থাকব? |
| adverse (অ্যাডভার্স) | ক্ষতিকর বা প্রতিকূল (harmful or unfavourable) | harmful (ক্ষতিকর); unfavourable (প্রতিকূল) | helpful (সহায়ক); favourable (অনুকূল) | Bangladesh is experiencing the adverse impacts of climate change. বাংলাদেশ জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের ক্ষতিকর প্রভাব অনুভব করছে। |
| prolonged (প্রোলংড) | দীর্ঘস্থায়ী (lasting for a long time) | long-lasting (দীর্ঘস্থায়ী); extended (বর্ধিত) | brief (স্বল্পস্থায়ী); short (সংক্ষিপ্ত) | Prolonged cold spells affect people and crops. দীর্ঘস্থায়ী শৈত্যপ্রবাহ মানুষ ও ফসলকে প্রভাবিত করে। |
| salinity (স্যালিনিটি) | লবণাক্ততা (the amount of salt in water or soil) | saltiness (লবণাক্ততা); saline condition (লবণাক্ত অবস্থা) | freshness (মিঠাভাব); purity (বিশুদ্ধতা) | Salinity of water is a problem in coastal areas. উপকূলীয় এলাকায় পানির লবণাক্ততা একটি সমস্যা। |
| tackle (ট্যাকল) | মোকাবিলা করা (deal with a problem) | address (সমাধানের চেষ্টা করা); handle (সামলানো) | ignore (উপেক্ষা করা); avoid (এড়িয়ে যাওয়া) | You can tackle climate change and live comfortably. তুমি জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন মোকাবিলা করে স্বাচ্ছন্দ্যে বাঁচতে পারো। |
| rechargeable (রিচার্জেবল) | পুনরায় চার্জযোগ্য (able to be charged again) | reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহারযোগ্য); renewable (পুনর্নবীকরণযোগ্য) | disposable (একবার ব্যবহারযোগ্য); non-reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহার-অযোগ্য) | If I need to use batteries I can use rechargeable ones. ব্যাটারি ব্যবহার করতে হলে আমি পুনরায় চার্জযোগ্য ব্যাটারি ব্যবহার করতে পারি। |
The dictionary contains 10 words from the chapter.
1. How to Use This Sheet
Use these steps to study the chapter words:
- Read the chapter and notice how each word is used in its sentence.
- Cover the meaning column and test yourself before looking at the answer.
- Say the English word aloud and practise its Bengali pronunciation.
- Compare the synonyms and antonyms to understand the word more clearly.
- Copy the example sentences and use them for writing practice.
- Review the key points after reading the dictionary table.
Textual Dictionary
The following words are taken from the chapter and explained for careful study.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncomfortable (অ্যানকমফর্টেবল) | অস্বস্তিকর (causing discomfort) | uneasy (অস্বস্তিকর); awkward (বিব্রতকর) | comfortable (আরামদায়ক); pleasant (মনোরম) | The hot day made the children feel uncomfortable. গরম দিনটি শিশুদের অস্বস্তি বোধ করিয়েছিল। |
| idle (আইডল) | কর্মহীন বা অলস (not active) | inactive (নিষ্ক্রিয়); lazy (অলস) | active (সক্রিয়); busy (ব্যস্ত) | Samina and Arif were sitting idle on the veranda. সামিনা ও আরিফ বারান্দায় অলসভাবে বসে ছিল। |
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | জলবায়ু (the usual weather of a place) | weather pattern (আবহাওয়ার ধরন); conditions (পরিবেশগত অবস্থা) | — | Climate change is affecting many things on earth. জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন পৃথিবীর অনেক কিছুকে প্রভাবিত করছে। |
| shift (শিফট) | পরিবর্তন বা সরে যাওয়া (a change or movement) | change (পরিবর্তন); move (সরে যাওয়া) | remain (অপরিবর্তিত থাকা); stay (থেকে যাওয়া) | The shift from April to March shows an early summer. এপ্রিল থেকে মার্চে পরিবর্তনটি আগাম গ্রীষ্মকে দেখায়। |
| survive (সারভাইভ) | বেঁচে থাকা (continue to live) | live (বেঁচে থাকা); endure (সহ্য করে টিকে থাকা) | die (মারা যাওয়া); perish (ধ্বংস হওয়া) | People must protect the earth to survive. বেঁচে থাকার জন্য মানুষকে পৃথিবী রক্ষা করতে হবে। |
| adverse (অ্যাডভার্স) | ক্ষতিকর বা প্রতিকূল (harmful or unfavourable) | harmful (ক্ষতিকর); unfavourable (প্রতিকূল) | helpful (সহায়ক); favourable (অনুকূল) | Bangladesh is facing the adverse impacts of climate change. বাংলাদেশ জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের ক্ষতিকর প্রভাবের মুখোমুখি হচ্ছে। |
| prolonged (প্রোলংড) | দীর্ঘস্থায়ী (lasting for a long time) | long-lasting (দীর্ঘস্থায়ী); extended (বর্ধিত) | brief (স্বল্পস্থায়ী); short (সংক্ষিপ্ত) | Prolonged cold spells affect people and crops. দীর্ঘস্থায়ী শৈত্যপ্রবাহ মানুষ ও ফসলকে প্রভাবিত করে। |
| salinity (স্যালিনিটি) | লবণাক্ততা (the amount of salt in water or soil) | saltiness (লবণাক্ততা); saline condition (লবণাক্ত অবস্থা) | freshness (মিঠাভাব); purity (বিশুদ্ধতা) | Salinity of water is a problem in coastal areas. উপকূলীয় এলাকায় পানির লবণাক্ততা একটি সমস্যা। |
| tackle (ট্যাকল) | মোকাবিলা করা (deal with a problem) | address (সমাধানের চেষ্টা করা); handle (সামলানো) | ignore (উপেক্ষা করা); avoid (এড়িয়ে যাওয়া) | We can tackle climate change by saving energy. শক্তি সঞ্চয় করে আমরা জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন মোকাবিলা করতে পারি। |
| rechargeable (রিচার্জেবল) | পুনরায় চার্জযোগ্য (able to be charged again) | reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহারযোগ্য); renewable (পুনর্নবীকরণযোগ্য) | disposable (একবার ব্যবহারযোগ্য); non-reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহার-অযোগ্য) | I can use rechargeable batteries when necessary. প্রয়োজন হলে আমি পুনরায় চার্জযোগ্য ব্যাটারি ব্যবহার করতে পারি। |
The dictionary contains 10 words from the chapter.
🌍 Key Points
- Climate means the usual weather pattern of a place.
- Climate change can cause seasons to shift.
- Climate change may make temperatures climb and sea levels rise.
- Early summer can be a sign of changing climate conditions.
- Bangladesh experiences hotter summers and an irregular monsoon.
- Untimely heavy rainfall can cause water logging and landslides.
- Floods, river erosion, drought and crop damage are harmful effects of climate change.
- Salinity of water is a serious problem in coastal areas.
- Using less energy helps keep the earth less polluted.
- Walking, using bicycles and avoiding unnecessary machines can save energy.
- Solar energy is free and more environment friendly.
- Turning off unused lights, fans and other appliances saves energy and money.
- Reducing, reusing and recycling can help protect the environment.
- Rechargeable batteries are a better choice than disposable batteries.
2. Key Words - Main Table (1-15)
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncomfortable (অ্যানকমফর্টেবল) | causing discomfort | uneasy; awkward | comfortable; pleasant | They both felt very uncomfortable the other day. They did not feel at ease. |
| idle (আইডল) | not active | inactive; lazy | active; busy | Samina and Arif were sitting idle on the veranda. |
| all (অল) | the whole amount or period | entire; whole | none; part | Uncle, it’s so hot all day long. |
| day (ডে) | the time from morning to night | daytime; daylight | night | The day was very hot. |
| long (লং) | continuing for much time | lengthy; extended | short; brief | The children stayed outside for a long time. |
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | the usual weather conditions of a place | weather pattern; conditions | — | Many things are happening on this earth due to climate change. |
| shift (শিফট) | a change or movement | change; move | remain; stay | This moving from April to March is a shift or change. |
| temperature (টেম্পারেচার) | the measure of how hot or cold something is | heat level; warmth | — | Temperatures are climbing. |
| climb (ক্লাইম) | to go up or increase | rise; increase | fall; decrease | In the changing climate, temperatures climb. |
| survive (সারভাইভ) | to continue to live | live; endure | die; perish | How will we survive on this earth? |
| prolonged (প্রোলংড) | lasting for a long time | long-lasting; extended | brief; short | Prolonged cold spells affect people and crops. |
| adverse (অ্যাডভার্স) | harmful or unfavourable | harmful; unfavourable | helpful; favourable | Bangladesh is experiencing the adverse impacts of climate change. |
| water (ওয়াটার) | the liquid needed by people, animals and plants | rainwater; freshwater | — | Salinity of water is a problem in coastal areas. |
| logging (লগিং) | the covering of an area with unwanted water | flooding; inundation | drainage; dryness | Untimely heavy rainfalls cause water logging. |
| landslide (ল্যান্ডস্লাইড) | the falling or moving of earth and rocks down a slope | earthfall; rockfall | stability; firmness | Heavy rainfalls can cause water logging and landslides. |
🌍 Key Points
- Climate means the usual weather pattern of a place.
- Climate change can cause seasons to shift.
- Temperatures can climb and sea levels can rise because of climate change.
- An early summer can show that climate conditions are changing.
- Bangladesh experiences hotter summers and an irregular monsoon.
- Untimely heavy rainfall can cause water logging and landslides.
- Floods, river erosion, drought and crop damage are harmful effects of climate change.
- Salinity of water is a serious problem in coastal areas.
- Using less energy helps keep the earth less polluted.
- Walking and using bicycles can save energy.
- Solar energy is free and more environment friendly.
- Turning off unused lights, fans and appliances saves energy and money.
- Reducing, reusing and recycling can help protect the environment.
- Rechargeable batteries are a better choice than disposable batteries.
3. Key Words - Main Table (16-30)
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| spell (spel) | a period of a particular kind of weather | period (সময়); phase (পর্যায়) | break (বিরতি); change (পরিবর্তন) | Prolonged cold spells affect people and crops. |
| crop (krop) | a plant grown for food or other use | harvest (ফসল); produce (উৎপাদিত ফসল) | — | Drought can cause crop damage. |
| coastal (KOH-stəl) | connected with an area close to the sea | shoreline (সমুদ্রতীরবর্তী); seaside (সমুদ্রতীরের) | inland (অভ্যন্তরীণ); interior (ভূভাগের ভিতরের) | Salinity of water is a problem in coastal areas. |
| deforestation (dee-for-uh-STAY-shən) | the cutting down or removal of forests | forest clearing (বন পরিষ্কার করা); tree cutting (গাছ কাটা) | afforestation (বনায়ন); reforestation (পুনর্বনায়ন) | The students discussed the problems deforestation can cause in Bangladesh. |
| disaster (di-ZAS-tər) | a very harmful event causing damage or loss | calamity (দুর্যোগ); catastrophe (বিপর্যয়) | blessing (আশীর্বাদ); benefit (সুবিধা) | Climate change has already started bringing disasters to Bangladesh. |
| erosion (ih-ROH-zhən) | the gradual wearing away of land by water | wearing away (ক্ষয়); washing away (ধুয়ে ক্ষয় হওয়া) | building (গঠন); protection (সুরক্ষা) | River bank and coastal erosion are increasing at an alarming rate. |
| alarming (uh-LAR-ming) | causing worry, fear or concern | worrying (উদ্বেগজনক); disturbing (বিরক্তিকর) | reassuring (আশ্বাসদায়ক); calming (শান্তিদায়ক) | The erosion is increasing at an alarming rate. |
| estimated (ES-tuh-may-tid) | calculated or judged approximately | calculated (হিসাব করা); assessed (মূল্যায়ন করা) | exact (সঠিক); measured (পরিমাপ করা) | It is estimated that a 45-centimetre rise of sea-level will flood almost 10.9 percent of our territory. |
| territory (TERR-i-tor-ee) | an area of land belonging to a country or group | land (ভূমি); region (অঞ্চল) | sea (সমুদ্র); ocean (মহাসাগর) | A rise in sea-level will flood part of our territory. |
| homeless (HOHM-ləs) | without a home | displaced (বাসস্থানচ্যুত); shelterless (আশ্রয়হীন) | housed (বাসস্থানযুক্ত); settled (স্থায়ীভাবে বসবাসরত) | The sea-level rise will make many people of the coastal regions homeless. |
| lifestyle (LIFE-style) | the way a person or group lives | way of life (জীবনযাপন পদ্ধতি); living pattern (জীবনযাপনের ধরন) | — | You can save energy by changing your lifestyle. |
| avoid (uh-VOID) | to keep away from or not use something | prevent (প্রতিরোধ করা); escape (এড়িয়ে যাওয়া) | face (মুখোমুখি হওয়া); accept (গ্রহণ করা) | Avoid machines as much as possible. |
| solar (SOH-lər) | connected with the sun | sun-powered (সূর্যশক্তিচালিত); sun-based (সূর্যভিত্তিক) | artificial (কৃত্রিম); electric (বিদ্যুৎচালিত) | You can also use solar energy. |
| environment (in-VY-rən-mənt) | the natural world around people, animals and plants | nature (প্রকৃতি); surroundings (চারপাশের পরিবেশ) | — | You can save the environment by reducing, reusing and recycling. |
| rechargeable (ree-CHAR-juh-bəl) | able to be charged again | renewable (পুনর্নবীকরণযোগ্য); reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহারযোগ্য) | disposable (একবার ব্যবহারযোগ্য); non-reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহার-অযোগ্য) | Batteries are highly toxic, so I can use rechargeable ones. |
The dictionary contains 15 words from the chapter.
🌍 Key Points
- A spell is a period during which particular weather conditions continue.
- Crops may suffer damage because of drought, floods or prolonged cold spells.
- Coastal areas are close to the sea and may be affected by water salinity.
- Deforestation can create environmental problems in Bangladesh.
- Climate change can bring disasters such as floods, river erosion and landslides.
- Alarming changes cause serious worry about people, land and property.
- An estimated figure is an approximate calculation rather than an exact measurement.
- A rise in sea-level can flood territory and make coastal people homeless.
- Changing lifestyle can help people use less energy.
- Avoiding unnecessary machines can reduce energy use and pollution.
- Solar energy comes from the sun and is more environment friendly.
- Rechargeable batteries can be charged again and are a better choice than disposable batteries.
4. Subject Terms and Definitions
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | জলবায়ু (the usual weather conditions of a place) | weather pattern (আবহাওয়ার ধরন); conditions (অবস্থা) | — | Many things are happening on this earth due to climate change. জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের কারণে পৃথিবীতে অনেক কিছু ঘটছে। |
| climate change (ক্লাইমেট চেঞ্জ) | জলবায়ুর পরিবর্তন (a change in usual weather conditions) | global warming (বৈশ্বিক উষ্ণায়ন); changing climate (পরিবর্তনশীল জলবায়ু) | stable climate (স্থিতিশীল জলবায়ু) | Climate change has already started bringing disasters to Bangladesh. জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন ইতিমধ্যে বাংলাদেশে দুর্যোগ নিয়ে আসতে শুরু করেছে। |
| temperature (টেম্পারেচার) | তাপমাত্রা (the measure of how hot or cold something is) | heat level (তাপের মাত্রা); warmth (উষ্ণতা) | coolness (শীতলতা); coldness (ঠান্ডাভাব) | Temperatures are climbing. তাপমাত্রা বাড়ছে। |
| shift (শিফট) | পরিবর্তন বা সরে যাওয়া (a change or movement) | change (পরিবর্তন); move (সরে যাওয়া) | remain (অপরিবর্তিত থাকা); stay (থেকে যাওয়া) | Seasons are shifting. ঋতুগুলো পরিবর্তিত হচ্ছে। |
| sea level (সি লেভেল) | সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠের উচ্চতা (the height of the sea's surface) | ocean level (সমুদ্রের উচ্চতা); water level (পানির স্তর) | — | Sea levels are rising. সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠের উচ্চতা বাড়ছে। |
| prolonged cold spells (প্রোলংড কোল্ড স্পেলস) | দীর্ঘস্থায়ী শৈত্যপ্রবাহ (long periods of cold weather) | long cold waves (দীর্ঘ ঠান্ডার প্রবাহ); extended cold periods (দীর্ঘায়িত ঠান্ডার সময়) | brief cold periods (স্বল্পস্থায়ী ঠান্ডার সময়); warm spells (উষ্ণ সময়) | Prolonged cold spells affect people and crops. দীর্ঘস্থায়ী শৈত্যপ্রবাহ মানুষ ও ফসলকে প্রভাবিত করে। |
| water logging (ওয়াটার লগিং) | জলাবদ্ধতা (the condition of water remaining in an area) | flooding (প্লাবন); standing water (জমে থাকা পানি) | drainage (পানি নিষ্কাশন); dry land (শুষ্ক ভূমি) | Untimely heavy rainfalls cause water logging and landslides. অসময়ে ভারী বৃষ্টিপাত জলাবদ্ধতা ও ভূমিধস ঘটায়। |
| landslide (ল্যান্ডস্লাইড) | ভূমিধস (the falling or sliding of earth and rocks) | earth slide (মাটির ধস); slope collapse (ঢালের ধস) | land stability (ভূমির স্থিতিশীলতা); firm ground (দৃঢ় ভূমি) | Untimely heavy rainfalls cause water logging and landslides. অসময়ে ভারী বৃষ্টিপাত জলাবদ্ধতা ও ভূমিধস ঘটায়। |
| salinity (স্যালিনিটি) | লবণাক্ততা (the amount of salt in water) | saltiness (লবণাক্ততা); saline condition (লবণাক্ত অবস্থা) | freshness (মিঠাভাব); purity (বিশুদ্ধতা) | Salinity of water in the coastal areas is a serious problem. উপকূলীয় এলাকায় পানির লবণাক্ততা একটি গুরুতর সমস্যা। |
| coastal region (কোস্টাল রিজিয়ন) | উপকূলীয় অঞ্চল (an area close to the sea) | coastal area (উপকূলীয় এলাকা); seaside region (সমুদ্রতীরবর্তী অঞ্চল) | inland area (অভ্যন্তরীণ এলাকা); landlocked region (স্থলবেষ্টিত অঞ্চল) | A rise in sea-level will make 5.5 million people of our coastal regions homeless. সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠের উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধি উপকূলীয় অঞ্চলের ৫.৫ মিলিয়ন মানুষকে গৃহহীন করবে। |
| deforestation (ডিফরেস্টেশন) | বন উজাড় (the cutting down of forests) | forest clearance (বন পরিষ্কার করা); tree cutting (গাছ কাটা) | afforestation (বনায়ন); reforestation (পুনর্বনায়ন) | What problems do you think deforestation can cause in Bangladesh? বাংলাদেশে বন উজাড় কী সমস্যা সৃষ্টি করতে পারে বলে তুমি মনে কর? |
🌍 Key Points
- Climate means the usual weather conditions of a place.
- Climate change can cause seasons to shift from their usual times.
- Rising temperatures and rising sea levels are signs of changing climate conditions.
- Bangladesh is experiencing hotter summers and an irregular monsoon.
- Untimely heavy rainfall can cause water logging and landslides.
- Floods, river erosion, drought and crop damage are harmful effects of climate change.
- Prolonged cold spells can affect both people and crops.
- Salinity of water is a serious problem in coastal areas.
- Deforestation can create environmental problems in Bangladesh.
- Using less energy helps keep the earth less polluted.
- Walking, using bicycles and avoiding unnecessary machines can save energy.
- Reducing, reusing and recycling can help protect the environment.
5. Words in Context
Read the passage and notice how the highlighted words are used in the context of climate change.
Samina and Arif felt uncomfortable on a very hot day. While sitting idle on the veranda, they talked about climate change. Their uncle explained that seasons can shift, temperatures can climb, and people must work together to survive. Bangladesh is facing adverse effects, including prolonged cold spells and water salinity in coastal areas. People can tackle these problems by saving energy and using rechargeable batteries.
Study the following dictionary carefully. The Bengali meanings will help you understand the English words in the passage.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncomfortable (অ্যানকমফর্টেবল) | অস্বস্তিকর (causing discomfort) | uneasy (অস্বস্তিকর); awkward (বিব্রতকর) | comfortable (আরামদায়ক); pleasant (মনোরম) | They both felt very uncomfortable the other day. তারা দুজনেই সেদিন খুব অস্বস্তি বোধ করেছিল। |
| idle (আইডল) | কর্মহীন বা অলস (not active) | inactive (নিষ্ক্রিয়); lazy (অলস) | active (সক্রিয়); busy (ব্যস্ত) | Samina and Arif were sitting idle on the veranda. সামিনা ও আরিফ বারান্দায় অলসভাবে বসে ছিল। |
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | জলবায়ু (the usual weather conditions of a place) | weather pattern (আবহাওয়ার ধরন); conditions (পরিবেশগত অবস্থা) | — | Many things are happening on this earth due to climate change. জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের কারণে পৃথিবীতে অনেক কিছু ঘটছে। |
| shift (শিফট) | পরিবর্তন বা সরে যাওয়া (a change or movement) | change (পরিবর্তন); move (সরে যাওয়া) | remain (অপরিবর্তিত থাকা); stay (থেকে যাওয়া) | Seasons are shifting. ঋতুগুলো পরিবর্তিত হচ্ছে। |
| survive (সারভাইভ) | বেঁচে থাকা (continue to live) | live (বেঁচে থাকা); endure (সহ্য করে টিকে থাকা) | die (মারা যাওয়া); perish (ধ্বংস হওয়া) | How will we survive on this earth? আমরা কীভাবে এই পৃথিবীতে বেঁচে থাকব? |
| adverse (অ্যাডভার্স) | ক্ষতিকর বা প্রতিকূল (harmful or unfavourable) | harmful (ক্ষতিকর); unfavourable (প্রতিকূল) | helpful (সহায়ক); favourable (অনুকূল) | Bangladesh is experiencing the adverse impacts of climate change. বাংলাদেশ জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের ক্ষতিকর প্রভাব অনুভব করছে। |
| prolonged (প্রোলংড) | দীর্ঘস্থায়ী (lasting for a long time) | long-lasting (দীর্ঘস্থায়ী); extended (বর্ধিত) | brief (স্বল্পস্থায়ী); short (সংক্ষিপ্ত) | Prolonged cold spells affect people and crops. দীর্ঘস্থায়ী শৈত্যপ্রবাহ মানুষ ও ফসলকে প্রভাবিত করে। |
| salinity (স্যালিনিটি) | লবণাক্ততা (the amount of salt in water or soil) | saltiness (লবণাক্ততা); saline condition (লবণাক্ত অবস্থা) | freshness (মিঠাভাব); purity (বিশুদ্ধতা) | Salinity of water is a problem in coastal areas. উপকূলীয় এলাকায় পানির লবণাক্ততা একটি সমস্যা। |
| tackle (ট্যাকল) | মোকাবিলা করা (deal with a problem) | address (সমাধানের চেষ্টা করা); handle (সামলানো) | ignore (উপেক্ষা করা); avoid (এড়িয়ে যাওয়া) | You can tackle climate change and live comfortably. তুমি জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন মোকাবিলা করে স্বাচ্ছন্দ্যে বাঁচতে পারো। |
| rechargeable (রিচার্জেবল) | পুনরায় চার্জযোগ্য (able to be charged again) | reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহারযোগ্য); renewable (পুনর্নবীকরণযোগ্য) | disposable (একবার ব্যবহারযোগ্য); non-reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহার-অযোগ্য) | If I need to use batteries I can use rechargeable ones. ব্যাটারি ব্যবহার করতে হলে আমি পুনরায় চার্জযোগ্য ব্যাটারি ব্যবহার করতে পারি। |
The dictionary contains 10 words from the chapter.
6. Exercise 1 - Match the Meaning
Match each word in Column A with the correct meaning in Column B. The meanings are shuffled.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncomfortable (অ্যানকমফর্টেবল) | [A] পুনরায় চার্জযোগ্য (able to be charged again) | — | — | — |
| idle (আইডল) | [B] ক্ষতিকর বা প্রতিকূল (harmful or unfavourable) | — | — | — |
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | [C] জলবায়ু (the usual weather conditions of a place) | — | — | — |
| shift (শিফট) | [D] মোকাবিলা করা (deal with a problem) | — | — | — |
| survive (সারভাইভ) | [E] দীর্ঘস্থায়ী (lasting for a long time) | — | — | — |
| adverse (অ্যাডভার্স) | [F] পরিবর্তন বা সরে যাওয়া (a change or movement) | — | — | — |
| prolonged (প্রোলংড) | [G] বেঁচে থাকা (continue to live) | — | — | — |
| salinity (স্যালিনিটি) | [H] অস্বস্তিকর (causing discomfort) | — | — | — |
| tackle (ট্যাকল) | [I] লবণাক্ততা (the amount of salt in water or soil) | — | — | — |
| rechargeable (রিচার্জেবল) | [J] কর্মহীন বা অলস (not active) | — | — | — |
Answer Key
uncomfortable — H; idle — J; climate — C; shift — F; survive — G; adverse — B; prolonged — E; salinity — I; tackle — D; rechargeable — A.
7. Exercise 2 - Fill in the Blanks
Instructions: Complete each sentence with a suitable word from the word bank. Use each word only once.
Word Bank: uncomfortable • idle • climate • shift • survive • adverse • prolonged • salinity • tackle • rechargeable
- The children felt during the unusually hot day.
- Samina and Arif were sitting on the veranda.
- The usual weather conditions of a place are called its .
- The movement of summer from April to March is a .
- People must protect the earth to .
- Floods, river erosion and crop damage are impacts of climate change.
- A cold spell may affect both people and crops.
- The of water is a serious problem in coastal areas.
- We can climate change by saving energy.
- Using batteries can reduce waste.
Answer Key:
1. uncomfortable 2. idle 3. climate 4. shift 5. survive
6. adverse 7. prolonged 8. salinity 9. tackle 10. rechargeable
1. uncomfortable 2. idle 3. climate 4. shift 5. survive
6. adverse 7. prolonged 8. salinity 9. tackle 10. rechargeable
8. Exercise 3 - Synonyms and Antonyms
Study the words in the table. Then choose the correct synonym or antonym as directed.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncomfortable (অ্যানকমফর্টেবল) | causing discomfort | uneasy (uncomfortable); awkward (embarrassing) | comfortable (pleasant); pleasant (agreeable) | They both felt very uncomfortable the other day. They did not feel at ease. |
| idle (আইডল) | not active | inactive; lazy | active; busy | Samina and Arif were sitting idle on the veranda. |
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | the usual weather conditions of a place | weather pattern; conditions | — | Many things are happening on this earth due to climate change. |
| shift (শিফট) | a change or movement | change; move | remain; stay | This moving from April to March is a shift or change. |
| survive (সারভাইভ) | continue to live | live; endure | die; perish | How will we survive on this earth? |
| adverse (অ্যাডভার্স) | harmful or unfavourable | harmful; unfavourable | helpful; favourable | Bangladesh is already experiencing the adverse impacts of global warming and climate change. |
| prolonged (প্রোলংড) | lasting for a long time | long-lasting; extended | brief; short | Prolonged cold spells may damage crops. |
| salinity (স্যালিনিটি) | the amount of salt in water or soil | saltiness; saline condition | freshness; purity | Salinity of water is a problem in coastal areas. |
| tackle (ট্যাকল) | deal with a problem | address; handle | ignore; avoid | You can tackle climate change and live comfortably. |
| rechargeable (রিচার্জেবল) | able to be charged again | reusable; renewable | disposable; non-reusable | If I need to use batteries I can use rechargeable ones. |
Answer the following questions.
- Write a synonym of uncomfortable.
- Write an antonym of idle.
- Write a synonym of climate.
- Write an antonym of shift.
- Write a synonym of survive.
- Write an antonym of adverse.
- Write a synonym of prolonged.
- Write an antonym of salinity.
- Write a synonym of tackle.
- Write an antonym of rechargeable.
Answer Key: 1. uneasy 2. active 3. weather pattern 4. remain 5. live 6. helpful 7. long-lasting 8. freshness 9. handle 10. disposable.
Ex. The chapter says that a 45-centimetre rise in sea level may flood part of Bangladesh. Express 45 centimetres in millimetres.
Sol:
1 centimetre = 10 millimetres
45 centimetres = 45 × 10 millimetres
45 centimetres = 450 millimetres
Ans. 450 millimetres.
1 centimetre = 10 millimetres
45 centimetres = 45 × 10 millimetres
45 centimetres = 450 millimetres
Ans. 450 millimetres.
Ex. A possible sea-level rise is 45 centimetres. Write this length in metres.
Sol:
100 centimetres = 1 metre
45 centimetres = 45 ÷ 100 metres
45 centimetres = 0.45 metres
Ans. 0.45 metres.
100 centimetres = 1 metre
45 centimetres = 45 ÷ 100 metres
45 centimetres = 0.45 metres
Ans. 0.45 metres.
Ex. The text says that 10.9 percent of the territory may be flooded. Express 10.9 percent as a fraction.
Sol:
10.9% = 10.9 ÷ 100
10.9% = 109 ÷ 1000
Ans. 109/1000.
10.9% = 10.9 ÷ 100
10.9% = 109 ÷ 1000
Ans. 109/1000.
Ex. The chapter estimates that 5.5 million people may become homeless. Write 5.5 million in figures.
Sol:
1 million = 1,000,000
5.5 million = 5.5 × 1,000,000
5.5 million = 5,500,000
Ans. 5,500,000 people.
1 million = 1,000,000
5.5 million = 5.5 × 1,000,000
5.5 million = 5,500,000
Ans. 5,500,000 people.
9. Exercise 4 - Make Sentences
Study the words in the table and write a sentence with each word.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncomfortable (অ্যানকমফর্টেবল) | causing discomfort | uneasy (not at ease); awkward (embarrassing) | comfortable (at ease); pleasant (enjoyable) | The children felt uncomfortable during the very hot afternoon. |
| idle (আইডল) | not active | inactive (not working); lazy (not willing to work) | active (busy); busy (engaged) | The students did not remain idle after learning about the environment. |
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | the usual weather conditions of a place | weather pattern (usual weather); conditions (weather state) | — | A changing climate can affect people, animals and crops. |
| shift (শিফট) | a change or movement | change (become different); move (go from one place or time) | remain (stay unchanged); stay (remain in a place) | The shift in the season may affect farming activities. |
| survive (সারভাইভ) | continue to live | live (remain alive); endure (continue despite difficulty) | die (stop living); perish (be destroyed) | People must protect the earth to survive. |
| adverse (অ্যাডভার্স) | harmful or unfavourable | harmful (causing damage); unfavourable (not helpful) | helpful (useful); favourable (advantageous) | The village is facing adverse effects of river erosion. |
| prolonged (প্রোলংড) | lasting for a long time | long-lasting (lasting long); extended (made longer) | brief (short); short (not long) | Prolonged dry weather can damage crops. |
| salinity (স্যালিনিটি) | the amount of salt in water or soil | saltiness (amount of salt); saline condition (salty state) | freshness (lack of salt); purity (clean condition) | High salinity makes water difficult to use in coastal areas. |
Answer Key: Model Sentences
- The children felt uncomfortable during the very hot afternoon.
- The students did not remain idle after learning about the environment.
- A changing climate can affect people, animals and crops.
- The shift in the season may affect farming activities.
- People must protect the earth to survive.
- The village is facing adverse effects of river erosion.
- Prolonged dry weather can damage crops.
- High salinity makes water difficult to use in coastal areas.
Worked Example Series
Ex. The chapter says that a 45-centimetre rise in sea level may flood part of Bangladesh. Express 45 centimetres in millimetres.
Sol:
1 centimetre=10 millimetres
45 centimetres=45 × 10 millimetres
45 centimetres=450 millimetres
Ans. 450 millimetres.
Ex. A possible sea-level rise is 45 centimetres. Write this length in metres.
Sol:
100 centimetres=1 metre
45 centimetres=45 ÷ 100 metres
45 centimetres=0.45 metres
Ans. 0.45 metres.
Ex. Express 10.9 percent as a fraction.
Sol:
10.9%=10.9 ÷ 100
10.9%=(109 ÷ 10) ÷ 100
10.9%=1091000
Ans. 109/1000.
Ex. Write 5.5 million in figures.
Sol:
1 million=1,000,000
5.5 million=5.5 × 1,000,000
5.5 million=5,500,000
Ans. 5,500,000 people.
10. Vocabulary MCQ (1-10)
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncomfortable (অ্যানকমফর্টেবল) | অস্বস্তিকর (causing discomfort) | uneasy (অস্বস্তিকর); awkward (বিব্রতকর) | comfortable (আরামদায়ক); pleasant (মনোরম) | They both felt very uncomfortable the other day. তারা দুজনেই সেদিন খুব অস্বস্তি বোধ করেছিল। |
| idle (আইডল) | কর্মহীন বা অলস (not active) | inactive (নিষ্ক্রিয়); lazy (অলস) | active (সক্রিয়); busy (ব্যস্ত) | Samina and Arif were sitting idle on the veranda. সামিনা ও আরিফ বারান্দায় অলসভাবে বসে ছিল। |
| climate (ক্লাইমেট) | জলবায়ু (the usual weather conditions of a place) | weather pattern (আবহাওয়ার ধরন); conditions (অবস্থা) | — | Climate change is affecting many things on earth. জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন পৃথিবীর অনেক কিছুকে প্রভাবিত করছে। |
| shift (শিফট) | পরিবর্তন বা সরে যাওয়া (a change or movement) | change (পরিবর্তন); move (সরে যাওয়া) | remain (অপরিবর্তিত থাকা); stay (থেকে যাওয়া) | Seasons are shifting. ঋতুগুলো পরিবর্তিত হচ্ছে। |
| survive (সারভাইভ) | বেঁচে থাকা (continue to live) | live (বেঁচে থাকা); endure (সহ্য করে টিকে থাকা) | die (মারা যাওয়া); perish (ধ্বংস হওয়া) | How will we survive on this earth? আমরা কীভাবে এই পৃথিবীতে বেঁচে থাকব? |
| adverse (অ্যাডভার্স) | ক্ষতিকর বা প্রতিকূল (harmful or unfavourable) | harmful (ক্ষতিকর); unfavourable (প্রতিকূল) | helpful (সহায়ক); favourable (অনুকূল) | Bangladesh is experiencing the adverse impacts of climate change. বাংলাদেশ জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের ক্ষতিকর প্রভাব অনুভব করছে। |
| prolonged (প্রোলংড) | দীর্ঘস্থায়ী (lasting for a long time) | long-lasting (দীর্ঘস্থায়ী); extended (বর্ধিত) | brief (স্বল্পস্থায়ী); short (সংক্ষিপ্ত) | Prolonged cold spells affect people and crops. দীর্ঘস্থায়ী শৈত্যপ্রবাহ মানুষ ও ফসলকে প্রভাবিত করে। |
| salinity (স্যালিনিটি) | লবণাক্ততা (the amount of salt in water or soil) | saltiness (লবণাক্ততা); saline condition (লবণাক্ত অবস্থা) | freshness (মিঠাভাব); purity (বিশুদ্ধতা) | Salinity of water is a problem in coastal areas. উপকূলীয় এলাকায় পানির লবণাক্ততা একটি সমস্যা। |
| tackle (ট্যাকল) | মোকাবিলা করা (deal with a problem) | address (সমাধানের চেষ্টা করা); handle (সামলানো) | ignore (উপেক্ষা করা); avoid (এড়িয়ে যাওয়া) | You can tackle climate change and live comfortably. তুমি জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন মোকাবিলা করে স্বাচ্ছন্দ্যে বাঁচতে পারো। |
| rechargeable (রিচার্জেবল) | পুনরায় চার্জযোগ্য (able to be charged again) | reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহারযোগ্য); renewable (পুনর্নবীকরণযোগ্য) | disposable (একবার ব্যবহারযোগ্য); non-reusable (পুনর্ব্যবহার-অযোগ্য) | If I need to use batteries I can use rechargeable ones. ব্যাটারি ব্যবহার করতে হলে আমি পুনরায় চার্জযোগ্য ব্যাটারি ব্যবহার করতে পারি। |
Practice Questions
Word Meanings
1. What does “prolonged” mean?
A. lasting for a long timeB. happening quicklyC. becoming freshD. moving away
Sol: [A] It means lasting for a long time.2. What is the meaning of “salinity” in the chapter?
A. the amount of salt in water or soilB. the amount of fresh airC. the movement of a riverD. the warmth of the sun
Sol: [A] Salinity is the amount of salt in water or soil.3. Which word means “able to be charged again”?
A. adverseB. rechargeableC. prolongedD. uncomfortable
Sol: [B] Rechargeable things can be charged again.Word Usage
4. Which sentence uses “tackle” correctly?
A. We can tackle climate change by saving energy.B. The climate tackled into March.C. Salinity tackled the battery.D. The veranda tackled idle.
Sol: [A] “Tackle” means deal with a problem.5. Which sentence uses “adverse” correctly?
A. The adverse battery was charged again.B. Bangladesh is facing the adverse impacts of climate change.C. The children adverse on the veranda.D. The seasons adverse from April to March.
Sol: [B] “Adverse” describes harmful or unfavourable impacts.Climate Change Applications
6. A farmer notices that the rainy season is starting later than before, making it hard to plan planting. What is the best reason this matters?
ক It changes the growing season, so crops may not get water when they need itখ It makes the soil turn into rock permanentlyগ It stops seeds from being useful in any climateঘ It means the sun will rise in the west during summer
Sol: [ক] A changing season can affect when crops receive water.7. A school garden has been damaged by long periods of very little rain. Which response best shows how people can adapt to climate change in this situation?
ক Use more water every day so all plants grow fasterখ Plant crops that need less water and collect rainwater for use laterগ Burn dry leaves to make the soil warmerঘ Cut down nearby trees to reduce shade
Sol: [খ] Water-saving crops and stored rainwater help during dry periods.8. A village near the coast begins to suffer from more flooding during storms. Which change is most likely connected to climate change?
ক The sea level rises and stronger storms push water farther inlandখ The river stops flowing because all clouds disappear foreverগ The land suddenly becomes higher because of daily heatঘ The ocean water turns into fresh water during rainy days
Sol: [ক] Rising sea levels and stronger storms can increase coastal flooding.9. A student says, 'If we want to help slow climate change, we should use more electricity because it is modern.' Which action would best correct the student's idea?
ক Leave lights and fans on in empty rooms to save time laterখ Use energy carefully by turning off unused appliances and choosing efficient devicesগ Keep the fan running all day so the room feels coolerঘ Charge every device many times a day even when the battery is full
Sol: [খ] Turning off unused appliances saves energy.10. In a lesson on climate change, the teacher asks why planting trees can help. Which explanation is the most accurate?
ক Trees make storms stop completely in every seasonখ Trees absorb carbon dioxide, which helps reduce heat trapped in the airগ Trees create electricity from sunlight without any equipmentঘ Trees remove all pollution from rivers and ponds
Sol: [খ] Trees absorb carbon dioxide and help reduce trapped heat.Answer Key: 1-A, 2-A, 3-B, 4-A, 5-B, 6-ক, 7-খ, 8-ক, 9-খ, 10-খ.
11. Quick Revision List
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncomfortable (un-KUMF-ter-buhl) | causing discomfort | uneasy; awkward | comfortable; pleasant | The students felt uncomfortable during the unusually hot morning. The sentence describes discomfort caused by heat. |
| idle (EYE-dl) | not active | inactive; lazy | active; busy | The children were idle while waiting for electricity to return. They were not doing any activity. |
| climate (KLY-mit) | the usual weather conditions of a place | weather pattern; conditions | — | The climate of a place affects its seasons and weather. Climate refers to usual weather conditions. |
| shift (SHIFT) | a change or movement | change; move | remain; stay | A shift in the seasons can affect farming. A shift means a change or movement. |
| survive (ser-VYV) | to continue to live | live; endure | die; perish | People must protect the earth to survive. Protection helps life continue. |
| adverse (AD-vurs) | harmful or unfavourable | harmful; unfavourable | helpful; favourable | Climate change has adverse effects on coastal communities. The effects are harmful. |
| prolonged (proh-LONGD) | lasting for a long time | long-lasting; extended | brief; short | Prolonged cold spells can damage crops. The cold continues for a long time. |
| salinity (suh-LIN-uh-tee) | the amount of salt in water or soil | saltiness; saline condition | freshness; purity | Salinity of water is a serious problem in coastal areas. The water contains too much salt. |
| tackle (TAK-uhl) | to deal with a problem | address; handle | ignore; avoid | We can tackle climate change by saving energy. Saving energy is one way to deal with the problem. |
| rechargeable (ree-CHAR-juh-buhl) | able to be charged again | reusable; renewable | disposable; non-reusable | Rechargeable batteries can be used when necessary. They can receive a charge again. |
The dictionary contains 10 words from the chapter.
★ Key Points
- Climate means the usual weather conditions of a place.
- Climate change can make seasons shift from their usual time.
- Temperatures may climb and sea levels may rise because of climate change.
- In Bangladesh, summers are becoming hotter and the monsoon is becoming irregular.
- Untimely heavy rainfall can cause water logging and landslides.
- Floods, river erosion, drought and crop damage are harmful effects of climate change.
- Prolonged cold spells can affect people and crops.
- Salinity of water is a serious problem in coastal areas.
- A 45-centimetre rise in sea level may flood almost 10.9 percent of Bangladesh.
- Walking, running and using bicycles can help save energy.
- Solar energy is free and more environment friendly.
- Turning off unused lights, fans and appliances saves energy and money.
- Reducing, reusing and recycling help protect the environment.
- Rechargeable batteries are a better choice than disposable batteries.
12. Practice Bank
A. Vocabulary Practice
Complete the table with the meaning, synonyms, antonyms and an example sentence for each word.
| Word (Pronunciation) | Meaning | Synonyms | Antonyms | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| crisis (ক্রাইসিস) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| warmth (ওয়ার্মথ) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| veranda (ভেরান্ডা) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| electricity (ইলেকট্রিসিটি) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| booklet (বুকলেট) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| danger (ডেঞ্জার) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| global (গ্লোবাল) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| impact (ইমপ্যাক্ট) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| disaster (ডিজাস্টার) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| victim (ভিকটিম) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| territory (টেরিটরি) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
| lifestyle (লাইফস্টাইল) | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ | ________________ |
Hints: crisis—an emergency situation; warmth—heat; veranda—a covered open space; electricity—power for lights and fans; booklet—a small book; danger—possible harm; global—worldwide; impact—effect; disaster—a damaging event; victim—a person affected by harm; territory—an area of land; lifestyle—a way of living.